"Ideally, a survey should gather data on every single person in the target population. For example, a survey about learning outcomes at a small school could track the test scores of every student. Collecting data on everyone in the target population is the best case scenario, since it ensures that e
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verybody who matters to the survey is represented accurately. However, this is only possible if the population is small enough and the researchers have sufficient resources to reach out to everyone. This often is not the case, so researchers have to identify a subset of the population to survey. How you choose this subset of the target population is crucial to the quality of your data. The group must be carefully identified and representative of the larger population, else your data will not be useful for drawing inferences. If done right, survey sampling can save time and money while allowing you to draw interferences about a large group of people." (Introduction)
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"Sampling is a process that enables information to be collected from a small number of individuals or organisations within a project or programme, and then used to draw conclusions about a wider population. There are many different sampling methods. Quantitative analysis tends to require large, rand
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om samples. Qualitative analysis usually relies more on smaller, purposefully chosen samples." (Introduction)
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"This publication takes a look at current developments in the field of audience research in media development and presents three case studies testing innovative methods that can be of use for research, monitoring, and evaluation. They are meant as an orientation and inspirational source for future p
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rojects in this domain. Based on the information assembled in this study we make the case that media development needs audience research to improve its projects. Media development actors need to know more about the impact on their final beneficiaries if they want their work to be truly successful. However, it does not always make sense for media development actors to conduct or commission expensive and broadly representative research. Budgets and project sizes are limited, and often the results of market or academic research efforts are only of very general use to a particular media development project in question. Therefore ways have to be found to conduct focused audience research in media development – in order to gain specific and relevant knowledge directly related to the interventions. The three case studies we present in this publication are directly related to ongoing media development projects. They apply tailor-made approaches to a particular setting. On top of this, we have assembled more general knowledge from the literature and past studies in audience research that are of relevance here." (Executive summary)
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"This ESOMAR/GRBN Guideline on Mobile Research is intended to support researchers, especially those in small and medium-sized research organisations, in addressing legal, ethical and practical considerations when conducting research using mobile devices. It explains how to apply the fundamental prin
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ciples of market, opinion and social research in the context of the current legal frameworks and regulatory environments around the world. It supplants previous separate guidelines released by ESOMAR and GRBN in 2012 and 2014 respectively. It is a statement of global principles rather than a catalogue of existing regulations."
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"Currency research organisations, i.e. organisations conducting research into media use, whose results constitute a nationally valid standard (“currency”) for the advertising business, are of prime importance for developed media systems. In 2017, the global advertising market will reach a volume
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of more than 500 billion US dollars. Nearly a third of that is spent in the USA, but countries such as China, Brazil and Mexico are registering big increases too.(199) Therefore, currency organisations and their research findings contribute not only to the allocation of economically significant resources, but also determine the very existence of media companies and products. Their relevance is thus not only of an (advertising) economic nature, but indirectly bears a political dimension. First and foremost, however, the function of the currency organisations is to provide transparency for the advertisers in terms of the advertising media’s contact performance. The current situation of currency research organisations is heavily shaped on onehand by developments in the media markets, and on the other by historic circumstances and the institutionalisation of the media systems in the various countries. As a general rule, in countries with strongly libertarian institutionalised media such as the USA and Brazil it seems to be harder to establish nationally recognised currencies – in the USA this is even banned through anti-trust laws. Then again, the institutionalisation of currencies may also hit difficulties in a country such as South Korea, where the boundaries between the media and (the rest of) the economic system are somewhat fluid, as the major industry conglomerates have their own media and advertising agencies." (Conclusions)
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"Audience measurement techniques currently fail to provide a clear picture of trends in children’s television viewing because of the diversification in devices on which television content can be viewed. It is argued that understanding how children engage with television content is undermined by co
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mmonplace but problematic comparisons of time spent on television viewing and on Internet use, in which it is widely believed that children are deserting ‘television’ for ‘the Internet’. Although it is already well known that television content can be viewed on Internetenabled devices such as tablets, smartphones and laptop computers while Internet content and services can be accessed via Internet-enabled television sets, such viewing cannot be measured satisfactorily at present. While no doubt measurement techniques will continue to improve in accuracy, this article suggests that such measurement difficulties matter at a time when children’s public service broadcasting provision is falling and further threatened." (Abstract)
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"This is a study of the introduction to Israel of a technology for measuring television audiences, the 'People Meter' (PM), focusing on its political aspects. It links the new practice to the history of the state, precisely to the emergence of the neoliberal state, which brought about a new relation
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to numbers, using an increased quantity of statistics for the regulation of economic sectors. In Israel, the state, in both its old (government ministers, administrators, state-owned/public channels) and new (regulatory bodies) guises, has been deeply involved in audience measurement. Next, the study situates the history of audience measurement in a global context, examining the ways in which both public actors, and private actors associated with international marketing groups have domesticated a new mode of regulation for audience measurement - the Joint Industry Committee (JIC), and the new 'state-of-the-art' technology - the PM. Third, it considers the political role played by audience figures in the fight over the representation of the public and of specific minorities in the public sphere: the Arab minority in Israel, the Palestinians and the settlers in the occupied territories, the Jewish minorities from the former Soviet Union (FSU) and from Ethiopia." (Abstract)
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"This book outlines all the methods for conducting research—both active and passive as well as quantitative and qualitative—in all forms of media, including new media such as the Internet, mobile phones and social media. It explains the ways in which media audiences are measured, understood and
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taken into account in media planning, advertising sales and social development campaigns. It shows how datasets are analysed and used. The statistical theories behind good quantitative research are explained in simple and accessible language. The book is intended for both media research scholars and practitioners." (Publisher description)
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"This paper strives to highlight the significant lack of audience research in the field of media development and the consequences of this gap – both for project design and policy making – but also for broader efforts to integrate media into governance debates. Whilst this lack of evidence has be
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en noted before, a number of recently published scoping reviews of the relevant literature now enable us to discuss, in detail, the extent and nature of this gap in our knowledge." (Abstract)
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"The Prove It toolkit is a resource for community radio stations to enable them to conduct their own audience research. It provides stations with the information and expertise to both measure their audience listener figures and assess the impact that they are having on their community of listeners."
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(Page 4)
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"This article draws on the first extensive study of community radio audiences in the Middle East to contribute new insights about documenting the impacts of community radio, and the evaluative mechanisms that should be in place for non-profit, community media to better fulfill their mission to serve
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the community. Building on critical ethnographic audience research, I argue for a storytelling approach that facilitates personal narratives and cooperative focus groups among community radio audiences." (Summary)
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"With essays on audiences in ancient Greece, early modern Germany, Soviet and post-Soviet Russia, Zimbabwe, contemporary Egypt, Bengali India, China, Taiwan, and immigrant diaspora in Belgium, each chapter examines the ways in which audiences are embedded in discourses of power, representation, and
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regulation in different yet overlapping ways according to specific socio-historical contexts." (Publisher description)
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"There are many good reasons to conduct audience research. But for media producers there are two particularly important ones. By knowing your audience, you can better cater to their tastes, whether they are listeners, viewers or readers. And if the media producer is able to offer the audience better
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options and respond to their wishes, it follows that the circulation or viewership will likely expand. The second reason is connected to the first. Audience research is used as the basis for the sale of advertising space – whether that is the time between TV shows on a certain channel or the back page of a newspaper. Audience research allows the media producer to tell the media planner, who is going to buy that advertising space, something about their audience: WHO is using this media product? Is it younger people? Is it men or women? Is it people who didn’t go to university? And HOW do they use this media product? Do they prefer the parts about politics or would they rather have the sports reports? And WHEN are they using this media product? For example, do they use it in the morning, before or during breakfast? Or do they use it in the evening before they go to bed? This section will give media producers some guidance as to how they can answer these questions and learn something about their own audiences." (Page 86)
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"Independent news media, which often operate on the fringes of media markets, risk being left out completely if they are not participating whole-heartedly, and with solid knowledge and support, in these emerging arenas. They must embrace audience research as the foundation of both their business dev
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elopment—and audience development—practices. From a market development perspective, best practices around audience research deserve greater focus and resourcing in order to support partner news organizations." (Conclusions, page 19)
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"This 4th edition of Ratings Analysis describes and explains the current audience information system that supports economic exchange in both traditional and evolving electronic media markets. Responding to the major changes in electronic media distribution and audience researchin recent years, Ratin
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gs Analysis provides a thoroughly updated presentation of the ratings industry and analysis processes. It serves as a practical guide for conducting audience research, offering readers the tools for becoming informed and discriminating consumers of audience information." (Publisher description)
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