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Journals
Output Type
Misinformation, infighting, backlash, and an ‘endless’ recovery: Policymakers recount challenges and mitigating measures after a vaccine scare in the Philippines
Global Health Action, volume 15, issue 2077536 (2022), 14 pp.
"This study aims to explore the perspectives of policymakers involved in ongoing efforts to boost vaccine confidence in the Philippines following a 2017 Dengvaxia scare and the current COVID-19 pandemic. Between August and November 2020, we conducted 19 semi-structured narrative interviews with purp
...
A Pro-Government Disinformation Campaign on Indonesian Papua
Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, volume 3, issue 5 (2022), 20 pp.
"This research identifies an Indonesian-language Twitter disinformation campaign posting pro-government materials on Indonesian governance in Papua, site of a protracted ethno-nationalist, pro-independence insurgency. Curiously, the campaign does not employ common disinformation tactics such as hash
...
Liquid Disinformation Tactics: Overcoming Social Media Countermeasures through Misleading Content
Journalism Practice, volume 16, issue 8 (2022), pp. 1537-1558
"Social media have led to profound transformations in the media ecosystem and new communication dynamics. Such platforms have become a competitive source of information and played a decisive role in facilitating the dissemination of false or misleading content, with a particular impact on recent ele
...
Mapping of Legal Framework and Responses by Actors to Address Harmful Content Online in Kenya
Build Up (2022), 47 pp.
"This report details the legal framework / rule of law tools in place, and responses by the government, social media companies, and civil society to address illegal harmful content and potentially harmful content online in Kenya. This research draws from 13 interviews with people active in Kenya's g
...
Artificial Intelligence and Disinformation: State-Aligned Information Operations and the Distortion of the Public Sphere
Vienna: OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media (2022), 28 pp.
"In light of the role played by state-aligned actors, the private sector and lawmakers in countries with strong democratic institutions should adopt policies that mitigate the ability of state actors to manipulate AI and weaponize communication platforms. Efforts to combat disinformation must recogn
...
Disinformation and Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine: Threats and governance responses
Paris: OECD (2022), 33 pp.
"The spread of disinformation around Russia’s invasion of Ukraine reflects wider challenges related to the shift in how information is produced and distributed. Platform and algorithm designs can amplify the spread of disinformation by facilitating the creation of echo chambers and confirmation bi
...
Countering disinformation for the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms
United Nations, General Assembly (2022), 19 pp.
"The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 76/227. In it, the Secretary-General describes the challenges posed by disinformation and the responses to it, sets out the relevant international legal framework and discusses measures that States and technology enterprises re
...
User empowerment against disinformation online
Strasbourg: European Audiovisual Observatory (2022), 66 pp.
"This publication describes the many ways in which public authorities and private enterprises empower users against disinformation online. The first chapter sets the scene by discussing relevant concepts, such as mis-, dis- and malinformation, empowerment, and media literacy. It further discusses th
...
Understanding the Laws Relating to "Fake News" in Russia
Thomson Reuters Foundation; Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) (2022), 16 pp.
"This guide is intended to provide user-friendly, practical guidance for journalists and newsrooms seeking to understand the Russian “fake news” laws, and how they’ve been applied to local and international press." (Page 1)
The Rise of the Brazilian Fact-checking Movement: Between Economic Sustainability and Editorial Independence
Journalism Studies, volume 23, issue 9 (2022), pp. 1077-1095
"This study addresses the expansion of Brazilian fact-checking enterprises, focusing on their funding sources and challenges to ensure editorial autonomy. The research is mainly grounded in semi-structured interviews with 16 fact-checkers from 13 active organizations, and includes complementary data
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Una guía para principiantes para establecer una organización de fact-checking en América Latina y el Caribe
Montevideo: UNESCO (2022), 25 pp.
"El objetivo de la guía es que los interesados en establecer una organización de fact-checking en la región puedan entender conceptos básicos de cómo chequear frases de políticos y desmentir desinformaciones, así como también reciban recomendaciones sobre cómo difundir estas notas y otras s
...
Disentangling untruths online: Creators, spreaders and how to stop them
Paris: OECD (2022), 38 pp.
"While false rumours, inaccurate reporting, and conspiracy theories have existed for as long as there were people to create and spread them, the Internet has reshaped and amplified the ability to produce and perpetuate false and misleading content. Stopping the creators and spreaders of untruths onl
...
Owning the Conversation: Assessing Responses to Russian and Chinese Information Operations Around COVID-19
Washington, DC: Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA) (2022), 32 pp.
"Russia and China have created and amplified disinformation and propaganda about COVID-19 worldwide to sow distrust and confusion and to reduce social cohesion among targeted audiences. The United States government, the European Union, and multinational organizations have developed a series of inter
...
Addressing Conspiracy Theories: What Teachers Need to Know
Key Guides
Paris: UNESCO (2022), 18 pp.
"This document is a first introduction for educators, working in and outside of formal schooling, on how to identify, prevent and address conspiracy theories in education settings. It seeks to provide educators with key definitions and essential knowledge to grasp the complexity of the phenomenon an
...
Populist attitudes and politicians’ disinformation accusations: Effects on perceptions of media and politicians
Journal of Communication, volume 72, issue 6 (2022), pp. 619-632
"Populist politicians increasingly accuse opposing media of spreading disinformation or “fake news.” However, empirical research on the effects of these accusations is scarce. This survey experiment (N = 1,330) shows that disinformation accusations reduce audience members’ trust in the accused
...
"Fake News" in Literatur und Medien: Fakten und Fiktionen im interdisziplinären Diskurs
Bielefeld: transcript Verlag (2022), 235 pp.
"Fake News" sind aus privaten wie politischen Unterhaltungen nicht mehr wegzudenken und erfahren mit der omnipräsenten Nutzung digitaler Kommunikationskanäle eine geradezu inflationäre Verbreitung. Die Beiträger*innen diskutieren vor dem Hintergrund verschiedener Disziplinen der Humanities Forme
...
Misinformation Across Digital Divides: Theory and Evidence from Northern Ghana
African Affairs, volume 121, issue 483 (2022), pp. 161-195
"Social media misinformation is widely recognized as a significant and growing global problem. Yet, little is known about how misinformation spreads across broader media ecosystems, particularly in areas with varying internet access and connectivity. Drawing on research in northern Ghana, we seek to
...
Countering Disinformation in Pakistan: Lessons and Recommendations for Digital Journalism
Freedom Network; Digital Media Alliance of Pakistan (DigiMAP) (2022), 48 pp.
"The study finds that journalistic and fact-checking disinformation responses in the country have struggled due to lack of conceptual understanding of disinformation among journalists, monetization trends that incentivize sensationalist news and reduce the impact of capacity building initiatives, la
...
Digital Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Deception, Disinformation and Social Media
London: Hurst & Company (2022), 303 pp.
"By the time readers arrive at the end of Jones’s astonishing examination of social media in the Middle East, they will be completely persuaded that it is now impossible to tell whether anything they read online is true. Replete with bots and sock puppets, trolls and dupes, this online world is bo
...
