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Policy Papers: Perspectives on Gendered Disinformation

Digital Rights Foundation (DRF); Heinrich Böll Stiftung (2021), 85 pp.

"Through these mediations on gendered disinformation, and the variety of perspectives that the authors bring, we call into question hegemonic structures of knowledge production. The anthology forces us to call into question the very idea of objectivity, blurring lines between 'truth' and 'lies'. The ... more

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Verschwörungstheorien, Fake News und Rassismus = Théories du complot, fake news et racisme;Teorie del complotto, fake news e razzismo

Martine Brunschwig Graf

Tangram, issue 45 (2021), 164 pp.

"Die Bekämpfung von Rassismus geht einher mit der Bekämpfung von Stereotypen und Vorurteilen, die oft über Verschwörungstheorien und Fake News verbreitet werden. Diese Nummer des Tangram befasst sich mit den Berührungspunkten von Verschwörungstheorien, Fake News und Rassismus. Warum halten sic ... more

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Finding China’s Edge: Engineering Influence Operations within the Limits of Social Media Platform Rules

Jakob Bund

Zürich: Center for Security Studies (CSS) (2021), 48 pp.

"To arrive at a careful evaluation of impact, this report concentrates on how the tactics of China’s influence operations have evolved during the first year of the pandemic. Looking at China’s key priority of information control, the first section conceptualizes the adaptation of influence opera ... more

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The Sputnik V vaccine: An international success for Russia? An analysis of the way Russian state-owned media RT and Sputnik/SNA present information and use methods of disinformation in the examples of Germany, France, Great Britain, Serbia, Slovakia and Kazakhstan

Susanne Spahn

Berlin: The Greens-EFA in the European Parliament (2021), 41 pp.

"This analysis examines the methods of disinformation being used to prove Russia's scientific lead, while portraying Western compet-itors in a very negative light. Sputnik V is an instrument of "soft power" through which Russia is trying to gain influence worldwide. In order to evaluate how successf ... more

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Fake News Misinformation and Hate Speech in Ethiopia: A Vulnerability Assessment

Brussels: European Institute of Peace (2021), 22 pp.

"The assessment found that Ethiopia's media ecosystem's weaknesses have made it vulnerable to fake news, misinformation, and hate speech. Some of the driving factors are undoubtedly historical, including the weak state of private media in Ethiopia, the critical role of the Ethiopian diaspora in medi ... more

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No Excuse for Abuse: What Social Media Companies Can Do Now to Combat Online Harassment and Empower Users

PEN America (2021), 7 pp.

"To ensure that social media becomes safer, more open, and more equitable for all users, platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram must prioritize curbing online harassment. In this report, PEN America proposes concrete, actionable changes that social media companies should make immediately to ... more

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The Psychology of Fake News

Gordon Pennycook, David G. Rand

Trends in Cognitive Sciences, volume 25, issue 5 (2021), pp. 388-402

"We synthesize a burgeoning literature investigating why people believe and share false or highly misleading news online. Contrary to a common narrative whereby politics drives susceptibility to fake news, people are ‘better’ at discerning truth from falsehood (despite greater overall belief) wh ... more

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Humanitarian Communication in a Post-Truth World

Mel Bunce

Journal of Humanitarian Affairs, volume 1, issue 1 (2021), pp. 49-55

"When people look online for information about humanitarian crises, they increasingly encounter media content that blurs the line between reality and fiction. This includes everything from rumour and exaggeration to partisan journalism and completely invented stories designed to look like real news ... more

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The Critical Risk of Disinformation for Humanitarians: The Case of the MV Aquarius

Sean Healy, Victoria Russell

Journal of Humanitarian Affairs, volume 3, issue 1 (2021), pp. 28-39

"The search and rescue of refugees, asylum seekers and migrants on the Mediterranean has become a site of major political contestation in Europe, on the seas, in parliaments and government offices and in online public opinion. This article summarises one particular set of controversies, namely, fals ... more

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Disinformation in Iraqi Media

Aida Al-Kaisy

London: LSE Middle East Centre; Conflict Research Programme (CRP) (2021), 21 pp.

"This paper examines the key narratives of disinformation that are prevalent in Iraqi media. It provides an analysis of the messages, agents, intentions and impact of the spread of disinformation. Focusing particularly on the period during which planned national elections were postponed, it identifi ... more

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GFMD Impact: Disinformation
Top Insights

Global Forum for Media Development (GFMD); USAID (2021)

"On 17th June 2021 GFMD's International Media Policy and Advisory Centre hosted a meeting of 54 media development donors, practitioners and academics to discuss effective responses to disinformation. Disinformation was chosen after it was selected as a priority in a survey of those engaged with GFMD ... more

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Cyber Capabilities as a New Resource of Power Conflicts in the Digital Sphere

Jason Chumtong, Christina Stolte

International Reports (Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung), issue 1 (2021), pp. 95-105

"Interestingly, traditional sources of power, such as military and economic strength, are not a prerequisite for success in cyberspace. It is true that the premier league of cyber powers also includes many traditional major powers in its ranks. But states need very few resources to build their cyber ... capabilities and exploit them to project influence, as the examples of international outsiders like Iran and Venezuela demonstrate. In some ways, cyber capabilities even seem ideally suited to allowing small and medium-sized countries to increase their influence because they represent an effective tool of asymmetric warfare. Even though they require relatively few resources and low-threshold technology, they have the potential to inflict considerable damage when deployed against other countries Attacks on poorly protected public authorities, businesses, or even infrastructure can cause serious damage to other countries. The risks for the attacker are reasonably low because attribution of the attacks is usually difficult and time-consuming. On top of this, the evidence is seldom clear, and consistent denial of any involvement is part and parcel of cyber warfare. This is also one of the key differences from previous power struggles at the international level. While the global battle for power and influence has always been accompanied by visible demonstrations of power and the accumulation of status symbols, the struggle in cyberspace takes place under the radar. This makes it especially difficult to identify shifts of power occurring today. Particularly in the field of information warfare, an area of growing importance in both national and international conflicts, states that were never previously on the radar as global players are now increasing their international influence. Yet, these countries recognised the potential of digital technologies at an early stage and are exploiting them with great success. Many of them have a wealth of experience in this respect due to having deployed the tools of information warfare against their own citizens and political opponents for many years. They can now direct this expertise towards other countries to wield global influence." (Conclusion, page 103) more

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Combating Disinformation in the Arab World. Case Study: The COVID-19 Pandemic

Noha Atef

Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism (ARIJ); Friedrich Naumann Foundation (2021), 43 pp.

"In this paper, ARIJ proposes the following recommendations which target the greater media community. This includes media institutions concerned with the press, unions, press unions and donors who support this venture. We maintain that disinformation is a product of a social and political environmen ... more

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Social Media and the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Dilemma of Fake News Clutter Vs. Social Responsibility

Moez Ben Messaoud

Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research, volume 14, issue 1 (2021), pp. 25-45

"This article examines the relationship between fake news and social media as increasingly important sources of news, at a time when mainstream media no longer have exclusive control over news production and dissemination. It has been evident that few media outlets and professionals tend to draw con ... flicting news about COVID-19 from social media feeds, which are largely produced by common citizens with mostly no journalism training. This pervasive use makes social media key sources to scores of media outlets for news, whether it is related to COVID-19 or public affairs issues, even though it is susceptible to torrents of credibility and accuracy issues. As a result, of the overwhelming spread of fake news on coronavirus, which is contributing to framing events from several angles, media professionals are now obliged to track and vet information circulating on social media. Due to the scale of disinformation spreading on the Web, it has become imperative that the credibility and accuracy of news is thoroughly verified. Media organizations have already been putting in place various mechanisms to monitor false news. This article will attempt to identify and assess these monitoring efforts in the Arab world. For this purpose, I have put together a list of Arab observatories launched on the internet in order to monitor fake news circulating in relation to COVID-19, and to discuss their methods of monitoring work, in the context of mobilization carried out by governments and many organizations such as the World Health Organization. This article is pinned down on social responsibility approach which helps pave the way the differentpropositions to combat fake news and avoid abuses in social media uses. This article proposes an evaluation of the monitoring initiative viaa- vis fake news and proposes a set of guidelines for improving the work of such monitoring bodies. Hence, this research reveals that social media outlets have diversified their goals to match the power of the conventional media in disseminating information and bringing up issues for debate. However, in the light of the framework of social responsibility, social media actors have to constantly develop a set of ethical practices to be observed by users, establish codes of conduct regulating content production, and lay down a code of integrity to assure accuracy in news and information transmission." (Abstract). more

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How freelance journalists can battle mis- and disinformation in news

Freelance Journalism Assembly; European Journalism Centre (2021), 4 pp.

"As a freelance journalist, you will often work independently or outside of a newsroom. Sharpening your fact-checking and verification skills is vital to protect both you and your stories from mis- and disinformation. Knowing the networks and resources you can turn to for help means you’re not alo ... more

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Disinformation Toolkit 2.0: How Civil Society and Non-Governmental Organizations Can Combat Harmful Mis- and Disinformation
Key Guidance

Adam Fivenson

InterAction (2021), 49 pp.

"This report includes framing context to strategically understand and respond to disinformation in the aid sector (part 1), followed by three separate but linked sets of analyses, recommendations, and tools (parts 2, 3, and 4) spanning core perspectives relevant to InterAction Member organizations. ... more

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How to Counter Disinformation: 10 Strategic Demands

Ann Cathrin Riedel

Potsdam: Friedrich Naumann Stiftung (2021), 8 pp.

"1 Words matter: Use the correct terms 2 Images and emotions: Understanding the entire range of disinformation 3 Creating structures for the digital education of every age group 4 Securing the freedom of expression: Smart regulation against overblocking 5 A modern constitutional state 6 Focus on tec ... more

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Fighting Disinfodemic in Central Africa: Fact-Checkers Experience Against Covid-19 Fake News

Fabíola Ortiz dos Santos

In: Perspectivas Multidisciplinares Da Comunicação Em Contexto De Pandemia. Vol I

F. R. Cádima, I. Ferreira (coord.)

Coleção ICNOVA (2021), pp. 144-164

"This chapter discusses two cases of new media formats combining journalistic skills, creativity and innovation when communicating risk and acting against disinfodemic, the collaborative website ‘Talato’ for fact-checking on the coronavirus in CAR and the fact-checking online platform ‘Congo C ... more

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USAID-BRAC Bangladesh Digital Ecosystem Activity: After Action Review Report

Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC); Light Castle Partners (2021), 50 pp.

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Information Saves Lives: Tackling Rumors, Myths and Misinformation in the COVID-19 Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Arcata, Calif.; Washington, DC: Internews; USAID (2021), 24 pp.

"In the Eastern DRC where the 10th Ebola epidemic was coming to an end, the advent of COVID-19 raised additional concern of dealing with two major health emergencies at the same time with implications for effective audience engagement, and compliance to public health measures. These concerns came ag ... more

GFMD Impact: Disinformation Top Insights

Disinformation Toolkit 2.0: How Civil Society and Non-Governmental Organizations Can Combat Harmful Mis- and Disinformation Key Guidance

GFMD Impact: Disinformation
Top Insights

Disinformation Toolkit 2.0: How Civil Society and Non-Governmental Organizations Can Combat Harmful Mis- and Disinformation
Key Guidance