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YouTube Regrets: A Crowdsourced Investigation Into YouTube's Recommendation Algorithm
Mozilla (2021), 39 pp.
"YouTube is the second-most visited website in the world, and its algorithm drives 70% of watch time on the platform—an estimated 700 million hours every single day. For years, that recommendation algorithm has helped spread health misinformation, political disinformation, hateful diatribes, and o
...
Disinformation Primer
Key Guides
USAID (2021), 96 pp.
"This primer presents an overview of disinformation culture to give readers a sense of key concepts, terminology, select case studies, and programmatic design options. Disinformation is by no means new. Although social media platforms have emerged as the most efficient spreaders of false information
...
The COVID-19 Story: Unmasking China's Global Strategy
International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) (2021), 7 pp.
"China has used Covid to benefit its global image through the activation of existing media dissemination channels overseas and the use of new tactics such as disinformation and misinformation. China’s largescale medical diplomacy campaign has also provided propaganda wins in many developing countr
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The Critical Risk of Disinformation for Humanitarians: The Case of the MV Aquarius
Journal of Humanitarian Affairs, volume 3, issue 1 (2021), pp. 28-39
"The search and rescue of refugees, asylum seekers and migrants on the Mediterranean has become a site of major political contestation in Europe, on the seas, in parliaments and government offices and in online public opinion. This article summarises one particular set of controversies, namely, fals
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The Psychology of Fake News
Trends in Cognitive Sciences, volume 25, issue 5 (2021), pp. 388-402
"We synthesize a burgeoning literature investigating why people believe and share false or highly misleading news online. Contrary to a common narrative whereby politics drives susceptibility to fake news, people are ‘better’ at discerning truth from falsehood (despite greater overall belief) wh
...
How Information Disorder Affirms Authoritarianism and Destabilizes Democracy: Evidence, Trends, and Actionable Mitigation Strategies from Asia and the Pacific
Washington, DC: USAID; Integra Government Services International LLC; Asia Emerging Opportunities (AEO) Activity (2021), 130 pp.
"Section 2 of this report provides an overview of information disorder in Asia and the Pacific and describes how it destabilizes democracy and strengthens authoritarianism. After situating information disorder in Asia and the Pacific in its historical context, Section 2 examines which actors 1) spre
...
Misconceptions, Misinformation and Politics of COVID-19 on Social Media: A Multi-Level Analysis in Ghana
Frontiers in Communication, volume 6, issue 613794 (2021), 13 pp.
"The study showed a changing pattern in the misconceptions and misinformation about COVID-19. Initially myths were largely on causes and vulnerability. It was widely speculated that black people had some immunity against COVID-19. Also, the condition was perceived to cause severe disease among the e
...
"A loosely connected, constantly learning global network of counter-disinformation responders—with the benefit of greater access to platforms and additional resources from funders—can serve as a bulwark against evolving threats to the integrity of the information space. Although these threats tr
...
Digital Disinformation: Evidence from Ukraine
Zürich: ETH Zürich, Center for Security Studies (CSS) (2021), 4 pp.
"There is a pervasive fear that information technology enhances the effectiveness of destabilizing disinformation campaigns. Yet evidence from Ukraine, the paradigmatic case of “hybrid war”, indicates this threat is overstated. Rather, traditional media remain far more influential. The prevailin
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Humanitarian Communication in a Post-Truth World
Journal of Humanitarian Affairs, volume 1, issue 1 (2021), pp. 49-55
"When people look online for information about humanitarian crises, they increasingly encounter media content that blurs the line between reality and fiction. This includes everything from rumour and exaggeration to partisan journalism and completely invented stories designed to look like real news
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Recommended Reading: Amazon’s Algorithms, Conspiracy Theories and Extremist Literature
London: Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) (2021), 22 pp.
"The role of algorithms in propelling conspiracy theories and radicalisation has been brought into sharp focus by the interlocking crises of the past 12 months. Social media platforms have sought to tamp down on algorithmic recommendation of conspiracy theories and extremist content, for example by
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Desinformation: Risiken, Regulierungslücken und adäquate Gegenmaßnahmen
Deep Insights
Düsseldorf: Landesanstalt für Medien NRW; Hans-Bredow-Institut (2021), 97 pp.
"Auf der Grundlage der identifizierten Schutzlücken erarbeitet das Gutachten mögliche Gegenmaßnahmen und beschreibt die nötigen Wirkungsvoraussetzungen. Die zentrale Frage lautet: Welche Risikopotenziale für individuelle und gesellschaftliche Interessen weist Desinformation auf und welche Gover
...
What Works: Addressing COVID-19 Misinformation. Lessons from the Frontlines in 100 Countries
Internews (2021), 14 pp.
"A global COVID-19 vaccine rollout must be coupled with funding and strategies to support trusted local media worldwide. The experience of communities in countries across the world demonstrates an urgent need to support groups at the local level if misinformation and mistrust is to be tackled effect
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The Routledge Companion to Media Disinformation and Populism
London; New York: Routledge (2021), xxvi, 582 pp.
"This companion brings together various concepts used to analyse dimensions of media disinformation and populism. The companion is theoretically and methodologically comprehensive and features various historical and critical approaches providing a full and incisive understanding of media, misinforma
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Democracy and Fake News: Information Manipulation and Post-Truth Politics
London; New York: Routledge (2021), xiv, 232 pp.
"This book explores the challenges that disinformation, fake news, and post-truth politics pose to democracy from a multidisciplinary perspective. The authors analyse and interpret how the use of technology and social media as well as the emergence of new political narratives has been progressively
...
How Journalists Can Address Misinformation on Telegram
Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2021), 35 pp.
"As of July 2021, Telegram had 550 million active users worldwide – more than the individual user bases of Twitter, Snapchat or Discord. It is the fifth most-popular messaging app after Facebook-owned Whatsapp and Messenger, and WeChat and QQ which dominate the Chinese market [...] For this paper,
...
Verschwörungstheorien, Fake News und Rassismus = Théories du complot, fake news et racisme = Teorie del complotto, fake news e razzismo
Tangram, issue 45 (2021), 164 pp.
"Die Bekämpfung von Rassismus geht einher mit der Bekämpfung von Stereotypen und Vorurteilen, die oft über Verschwörungstheorien und Fake News verbreitet werden. Diese Nummer des Tangram befasst sich mit den Berührungspunkten von Verschwörungstheorien, Fake News und Rassismus. Warum halten sic
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El periodismo ante la desinformación
Cartagena: Fundación Gabo (2021), 66 pp.
"Este libro digital descargable de la Fundación Gabo es una macro-relatoría, un esfuerzo por sintetizar y difundir el conocimiento emanado de una serie de actividades -talleres, clases magistrales, charlas- que llevamos a cabo en el marco del Festival Gabo 2020, el cual tuvo como uno de sus temas
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Post-Mortem: Russian and Chinese Covid-19 Information Operations
Washington, DC: Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA) (2021), 72 pp.
"Russia recycled previous narratives and exacerbated tensions in Western society while attempting some propaganda about Russian scientific prowess. Russia’s approach evolved little; it recycled previous narratives, spreading a broad range of COVID-19 disinformation. Evidence supports the theory th
...
Information Bedlam: Russian and Chinese Information Operations During Covid-19
Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA) (2021), 20 pp.
"Based on a literature review through January 2021, evaluated at an expert seminar, this policy brief provides a baseline analysis of changing tactics, narratives, and distribution strategies in Russian and Chinese information operations (IOs) relating to the covid-19 pandemic. Key findings: China c
...
