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Regulación para combatir la desinformación: Estudio de ocho casos internacionales y recomendaciones para un enfoque democrático

João Brant, João Guilherme Bastos dos Santos, Tatiana Dourado, Marina Pita

Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) (2020), 32 pp.

"El análisis revela los desafíos al proceso de construcción de soluciones reguladoras que protejan derechos y sean efectivas para promover el acceso a información confiable. La desinformación está profundamente entrelazada con los procesos políticos y sociales, y no es posible pensar en soluc ... more

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Pillars of Russia's Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State (2020), 76 pp.

"Russia has operationalized the concept of perpetual adversarial competition in the information environment by encouraging the development of a disinformation and propaganda ecosystem that allows for varied and overlapping approaches that reinforce each other even when individual messages within the ... system appear contradictory. This ecosystem reflects both the sources of disinformation and propaganda—official government statements, state-funded media outlets, proxy websites, bots, false social media personas, cyber-enabled disinformation operations, etc.—and the different tactics that these channels use. Russia’s willingness to employ this approach provides it with three perceived advantages. First, it allows for the introduction of numerous variations of the same false narratives. This allows for the different pillars of the ecosystem to fine tune their disinformation narratives to suit different target audiences because there is no need for consistency, as there would be with attributed government communications. Second, it provides plausible deniability for Kremlin officials when proxy sites peddle blatant and dangerous disinformation, allowing them to deflect criticism while still introducing pernicious information. Third, it creates a media multiplier effect among the different pillars of the ecosystem that boost their reach and resonance. The media multiplier effect can, at times, create disinformation storms with potentially dangerous effects for those Russia perceives as adversaries at the international, national, and local level. In the past, Russia has leveraged this dynamic to shield itself from criticism for its involvement in malign activity. This approach also allows Russia to be opportunistic, such as with COVID-19, where it has used the global pandemic as a hook to push longstanding disinformation and propaganda narratives [...] This report provides a visual representation of the ecosystem described above, as well as an example of the media multiplier effect it enables. This serves to demonstrate how the different pillars of the ecosystem play distinct roles and feed off of and bolster each other. The report also includes brief profiles of select proxy sites and organizations that occupy an intermediate role between the pillars of the ecosystem with clear links to Russia and those that are meant to be fully deniable." (Pages 5-7) more

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Defending freedom of expression: Fake news laws in East and Southeast Asia
Top Insights

Bangkog; Manila: Asia Centre;Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats (CALD). (2020), 61 pp.

"This report compares the impact of legislation in countries with multiparty legislatures and independent government institutions, and countries with one dominant political force and an absence of independent national institutions. It finds that in the former countries, provisions are included to sa ... more

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Fact-Checking and Source Verification Manual in Times of COVID-19: Journalists and Media Organizations

Maryam Saeed, Seerat Khan, Muhammad Usman

Digital Rights Foundation (DRF) (2020), 50 pp.

"Without proper training in digital news verification, the dissemination of misinformation is both rapid and disastrous. Journalists are often processing a massive amount of information through social media with very little time to verify it--this presents unique challenges for journalists working w ... more

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WorldCat (11)

Fighting Misinformation: Digital Media Literacy. Course Guidebook

Tara Susman-Peña, Mehri Druckman, Nina Oduro

Chantilly, VA: Teaching Company;Great Courses;IREX (2020), 73 pp.

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Weaponised Deep Fakes: National Security and Democracy

Hannah Smith, Katherine Manstead

Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI), International Cyber Policy Centre (2020), 18 pp.

"Any technology that can be used to generate false or misleading content, from photocopiers and Photoshop software to deep fakes, can be weaponised. This paper argues that policymakers face a narrowing window of opportunity to minimise the consequences of weaponised deep fakes. Any response must inc ... more

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Google Scholar (11)

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Lie Machines: How to Save Democracy from Troll Armies, Deceitful Robots, Junk News Operations, and Political Operatives

Philip N. Howard

New Haven; London: Yale University Press (2020), xviii, 221 pp.

"Artificially intelligent “bot” accounts attack politicians and public figures on social media. Conspiracy theorists publish junk news sites to promote their outlandish beliefs. Campaigners create fake dating profiles to attract young voters. We live in a world of technologies that misdirect our ... more

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Misinformation, Disinformation, Malinformation: Causes, Trends, and Their Influence on Democracy

Lejla Turcilo, Mladen Obrenovic

Sarajevo: Heinrich Böll Stiftung (2020), 38 pp.

"The aim of this paper is to investigate the phenomena of misinformation, disinformation, and malinformation, as well as their impact on the political sphere. In addition, the paper attempts to explain the harmful influence of misinformation, disinformation, and malinformation on public debates, dem ... more

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Google Scholar (10)

WorldCat (9)

Fake News: Understanding Media and Misinformation in the Digital Age

Melissa Zimdars, Kembrew McLeod (eds.)

Cambridge, Mass.; London: MIT Press (2020), xi, 395 pp.

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Cross-Platform Disinformation Campaigns: Lessons Learned and Next Steps

Tom Wilson, Kate Starbird

Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, volume 1, issue 1 (2020), 11 pp.

"This paper examines online discourse about the White Helmets, a volunteer rescue group that operates in rebel (anti-regime) areas of Syria. The White Helmet’s humanitarian activities, their efforts to document the targeting of civilians through video evidence, and their non-sectarian nature (that ... more

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Demand for Deceit: How the Way We Think Drives Disinformation

Samuel C. Wolley, Katie Joseff

Washington, DC: National Endowment for Democracy (NED) (2020), 38 pp.

"Just because the effectiveness of disinformation may be tied to innate aspects of human psychology does not mean that democratic societies are powerless to respond. Rather, civil society, journalists, and other stakeholders invested in the freedom and openness of the global information space should ... more

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Working Group on Infodemics: Policy Framework
Key Guidance

Maria Ressa, Marietje Schaake, Delphine Halgand-Mishra, Iris de Villars, Jenny Domino, Dan She et al.

Forum on Information & Democracy (2020), 127 pp.

"The Forum on Information & Democracy proposes a number of policy steps to democratic governments and their supporters. Transparency and accountability need to be shored up and content moderation should be done according to democratic mandates and oversight. The impact of new platforms where disinfo ... more

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Engendering Hate: The Contours of State-Aligned Gendered Disinformation Online

Ellen Judson, Asli Atay, Alex Krasodomski-Jones, Rose Lasko-Skinner, Josh Smith

London: Demos (2020), 40 pp.

"Online spaces are being systematically weaponised to exclude women leaders and to undermine the role of women in public life. Attacks on women which use hateful language, rumour and gendered stereotypes combine personal attacks with political motivations, making online spaces dangerous places for w ... more

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Redes sociales y plataformas de fact-checking contra la desinformación sobre la COVID-19

Xavier Ramon-Vegas, Marcel Mauri-Ríos, Ruth Rodríguez-Martínez

Hipertext.net, issue 21 (2020), pp. 79-92

"La pandemia de la COVID-19 ha generado una crisis sanitaria y comunicativa sin precedentes. A través de las plataformas digitales, se ha producido una ingente circulación de información falsa, inexacta o descontextualizada so-bre el coronavirus. Entre ella, cabe destacar los rumores, bulos y teo ... more

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Fake News und Desinformation: Herausforderungen für die vernetzte Gesellschaft und die empirische Forschung

Ralf Hohlfeld, Michael Harnischmacher, Elfi Heinke, Lea Sophia Lehner, Michael Sengl (eds.)

Baden-Baden: Nomos (2020), 361 pp.

"Desinformation ist eine Konstante der politischen Kommunikation. Doch mit der Wahl Donald Trumps zum Präsidenten der Vereinigten Staaten und der Brexit-Abstimmung in Großbritannien erhielten bewusst lancierte Falschnachrichten eine neue gesellschaftliche Bedeutung. Denn nun wurde sichtbar, welche ... more

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Understanding the Infodemic and Misinformation in the Fight Against COVID-19

Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) (2020), 6 pp.

"Misinformation is false or inaccurate information deliberately intended to deceive. In the context of the current pandemic, it can greatly affect all aspects of life, especifically people’s mental health, since searching for COVID-19 updates on the Internet has jumped 50% –70% across all genera ... more

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Online Temptations: COVID-19 and Religious Misinformation in the MENA Region

Mahsa Alimardani, Mona Elswah

Social Media + Society, volume 6, issue 3 (2020), pp. 1-4

"Issues of verification in the age of mass media, and now social media, have been a long-discussed topic among Islamic media scholars. While Islam might be a common thread in COVID-19 religious misinformation, there is nothing inherently Islamic to the religious tinged elements of misinformation on ... more

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Entre información y conspiración: Comunicación digital en tiempos de crisis

Gil Castillo, Juan Sebastián Delgado (coord.)

Montevideo: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) (2020), 102 pp.

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Lügen, Hass und Desinformation: Lateinamerika in postfaktischen Zeiten

Perspectivas (Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung), issue 6 (2020), 36 pp.

"In Lateinamerika haben Politiker wie Bolsonaro in Brasilien oder Bukele in El Salvador die Präsidentschaftswahlen nicht zuletzt durch ihre Abgrenzung vom politischen Establishment gewonnen, ungeachtet dessen, dass auch sie schon lange zu diesem von ihnen so diskreditierten Politikbetrieb gehören. ... more

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Exploring Turkey's Disinformation Ecosystem: An Overview

Baris Kirdemir

Istanbul: Edam Centre for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies (2020), 28 pp.

"The study’s key findings revealed that the Turkish information landscape is exposed to nearly all kinds of false information at very high rates. Frequent botnet and troll activity in Turkey’s social media use brings about more disinformation, fueling polarization and subversive discourse. Above ... more

Defending freedom of expression: Fake news laws in East and Southeast Asia Top Insights

Working Group on Infodemics: Policy Framework Key Guidance

Defending freedom of expression: Fake news laws in East and Southeast Asia
Top Insights

Working Group on Infodemics: Policy Framework
Key Guidance