Myanmar / Burma
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Media Landscapes, Media Systems, Media Situation in General
21
Digital Media Censorship, Control & Filtering, Internet & Social Media Censorship
17
Rohingya
16
Media Freedom, Press Freedom
15
Media Law & Regulation
14
Press Landscapes
11
Facebook
9
Media Assistance
9
Press Freedom & Communication Rights Violations
8
Hate Speech, Hate Speech in Social Media
8
Female Journalists & Media Workers
8
Democracy / Democratization and Media
8
Media Use, Media Consumption
7
Exile Journalism, Exile Media
7
Freedom of Expression
7
Internet Shutdowns
7
Political Transition and Media
7
Access to Internet & Digital Communications
6
Digital Activism, Cyber Advocacy
6
Social Media in Political Communication
6
Disinformation, Misinformation, Fake News
6
Journalism Education & Training
6
Migration & Refugees Reporting & (Social) Media Representation
6
Information Needs & Media Use: Refugees & Displaced People
5
Trust in the Media, Credibility of Media
5
Media Assistance: Journalism Education & Training
5
Safety of Journalists, Safety Risks of Media Workers
5
Access to Media & Information
4
Independent & Oppositional Media in Authoritarian Regimes
4
Conflicts & Wars: Roles of Digital Technologies & Conflict Narratives in Social Media
4
Internet / Social Media Law & Regulation
4
Democratization & Digital Media / Social Media
4
ICT Regulation
4
Ethnic Media, Minority Media
4
Media Viability & Financial Sustainability
4
Election Reporting
4
COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Journalism, Media & Communication
4
Media & Communication Policies
4
Television Landscapes
4
Financing Media, Financial Media Management
4
Public Service Broadcasting
4
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Media
3
Gender Advocacy & Empowerment, Gender Mainstreaming
3
Digital & Social Media Use, Internet Use
3
Internet & Social Media Use: Minorities
3
Mobile Phone Use
3
Authoritarian Regimes: Media Systems & Landscapes
3
Catholic Press
3
Censorship
3
Surveillance, Surveillance Technologies, Spyware
3
Religion and Conflicts, Religious Conflicts, Religious Violence
3
Conflict Areas: Media Systems, Media Landscapes, Role of Media
3
Human Rights Protection & Violations: Media Representation & Reporting
3
Media Assistance Projects & Programs: Case Studies
3
Internet
3
Social Media
3
ICTs and Development
3
Digitalisation, Online Communication & Democracy / Democratization
3
ICT Industries & Markets
3
Countering Hate Speech, Disinformation & Propaganda
3
Media Markets
3
Health Campaigns: Experiences
3
Indigenous Media, Indigenous Language Media Productions
3
Journalism
3
Local Communication & Media
3
Radio Landscapes
3
Migrants & Refugees: Tailor-Made Media Products & Information Services
3
Refugees / Displaced People
3
Politics and Media
3
Election Campaigns: Social Media
3
Buddhism and Communication
3
Civil Society
3
Mobile Phones, Smartphones
3
Flow of Information
2
Advocacy & Political Films
2
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Digital Communication
2
Area & Regional Studies
2
Digital & Social Media Use: Youth
2
Media Use: Migrants & Diasporas
2
Authoritarian Regimes: Government Communication Strategies
2
Media Assistance: Authoritarian Countries
2
Catholic Church
2
Catholic Media
2
Catholic Radio Programmes
2
Puppetry
2
Communication Pastoral, Media Pastoral
2
Documentaries, Television Documentaries, Web Documentaries
2
Film Training & Film Schools
2
Communication Rights
2
Cybersecurity, Digital Safety, Privacy, Right to Privacy
2
Freedom of Expression Online, Internet Freedom
2
Media Assistance: Freedom of Expression & Safety of Journalists
2
Media / Communication Control
2
Internet Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
2
Community Radio Sustainability & Financing
2
Conflict Reporting, Armed Conflict Reporting
2
Conflict-Sensitive Digital Technology Use & Social Media in Prevention & Transformation
2
Extremist & Terrorist Digital / Social Media Presence
2
Media Assistance in Conflict Regions & Fragile Countries
2
Rumours & Rumour Management
2
Digital Communication, Digital Media
2
Internet and Politics
2
Digital Journalism, Online Journalism
2
Internet Markets
2
Digital Media Markets
2
Content Moderation & Regulation: Social Media
2
Mobile Phone Markets
2
Diaspora Media
2
Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups: Reporting & Media Representation
2
Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Reporting
2
Library Assistance (Development Cooperation)
2
Public Libraries
2
Media Ownership
2
Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence
2
Gender Representation & Stereotypes in the Media
2
Sexual Health Communication, Reproductive Health Education, Family Planning
2
Indigenous Communication
2
Foreign News, International News
2
News Agencies
2
Drug Trafficking Reporting & Media Representation
2
Working Conditions of Journalists & Media Personnel
2
Media Assistance: Country Strategies & Experiences
2
Media Assistance: Exile Media
2
Media Assistance: Law & Regulation, Media Policy Consultancies
2
Media Assistance: Transition Countries & Defective Democracies
2
USA: Media Assistance
2
Diversity & Pluralism in Media / Communication
2
Internet Governance, Internet Policies
2
Media Law & Regulation: Transitional Countries
2
Public Service Broadcasting: Regulation & Governance
2
Framing
2
Religion and Communication
2
Islam and Communication
2
Telecommunications
2
Mobile Phone Apps
2
Mobile Phone Use for Social Purposes, Mobiles for Development
2
Telecommunication Industries & Markets
2
Television
2
Non-Western Communication Approaches
2
Access to Public Information, Freedom of Information, Right to Information
1
Advertising
1
Advertising Markets & Industries
1
Advocacy & Empowerment: Disadvantaged & Vulnerable Groups
1
Advocacy & Empowerment: Migrants & Refugees
1
Empowerment
1
Media Advocacy, Media Activism
1
People with Disabilities: Advocacy & Empowerment
1
Social Movements: Communication Strategies & Practices
1
Agriculture
1
Land Property, Land Grabbing, Land Reforms
1
Audiences & Users
1
Audience Clubs & Listener Groups
1
Audience Segmentation, User Typologies, Personas
1
Information Needs in Disasters & Humanitarian Crises
1
Media Use: Indigenous Populations
1
Media Use: Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups
1
Mobile Phone Use: Minorities
1
Media Use: Rural Populations
1
Media Use: Youth
1
News Consumption & Information Sources of Media Users
1
Radio Consumption, Radio Use, Radio Audiences
1
Book Marketing, Branding & Promotion
1
Book Trade & Distribution
1
Catholic Book Publishing
1
Christian Book Publishing
1
Textbooks, Textbook Development, Publishing & Research
1
Campaigning
1
Election Campaigns
1
Radio Campaigns
1
Catholic Church and Communication
1
Catholic Digital Media Presence & Online Communities
1
Radio Veritas Asia
1
National Catholic Communication Work, National Catholic Communication Commissions
1
Comics, Cartoons, Caricatures
1
Christian Communication
1
Christian Churches & Denominations
1
Christian Media
1
Christian Radio Programmes
1
Christian Press: Evangelical / Protestant & Others
1
Christian Minorities
1
Persecution of / Violence Against Christians
1
Asian Cinema
1
Female Film Actors, Directors & Producers
1
Film Festivals
1
Indigenous Films, Indigenous Videos
1
Film Industries
1
Film Production Management
1
National Cinemas, National Film Production
1
Digital Rights
1
Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists & Media Personnel
1
State Influence on the Media
1
Public Diplomacy, Cultural Diplomacy
1
Alternative Communication & Media
1
Citizen Journalism, Community Journalism
1
Community Media
1
Community Media Financing & Sustainability
1
Community Radios
1
Community Radio Regulation & Licensing
1
Community Radio Training Methods & Training of Trainers
1
Community Telecommunication Networks
1
Storytelling
1
Conflicts, Conflict Prevention & Management, Mediation, Peacebuilding
1
Religion and Justice / Peace / Reconciliation
1
Boko Haram
1
Islamic State (Political-Religious Extremist Organization)
1
Conflicts and Media
1
Conflict Prevention, Mediation & Reconciliation: Role of Media
1
Conflict-Sensitive & Peace Journalism
1
Extremist & Terrorist Communication Strategies and Media
1
Foreign Conflict Reporting, International War Reporting
1
Military: Online & Social Media Communication Strategies
1
War Propaganda, Propaganda in Conflicts
1
Countering Misinformation & Rumours
1
Media Monitoring, Media Observatories
1
Puppetry in Education
1
Collective Memory: Violent Conflicts & Wars
1
Cultural Identity
1
Culture (General)
1
Development Assistance
1
United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
1
Development Communication, Communication for Development (C4D)
1
Behaviour Change Communication
1
Behaviour Change Communication: Effects & Effectiveness
1
Communication for Social Change
1
Development Communication: Experiences
1
Entertainment Education, Edutainment
1
Edutainment Radio Programmes
1
Edutainment Television Programmes
1
Influence of Media on Development Aid
1
Cyberbullying, Cyberharassment
1
Digital Entrepreneurs, Tech Entrepreneurs
1
Digital Healthcare & Information, Mobile Health, E-Health, Telemedicine
1
Digital Media Landscapes
1
Digital Media Startups
1
Digital Media Management, Online Media Management
1
Digital Platforms & Intermediaries
1
E-Governance, E-Democracy
1
Blogging, Blogs
1
Religion in Social Media
1
Social / Digital Media and ICTs in Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Management & Prevention
1
Twitter & Microblogs
1
YouTube
1
Ethnic / Minority Online Communities & Websites
1
Digitalization, Digital Transformation
1
Digital Industrial Policies
1
Educational Use of ICTs / Internet
1
Online Learning, E-Learning
1
ICT Policies
1
Discrimination in Language & Media
1
Media Assistance: Minority Media
1
Minority Journalists
1
Racism in Social Media & Digital Communication
1
Romani People
1
Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Communication
1
Coordination in Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Communication
1
Infectious Diseases' Outbreak Communication
1
Media Industries
1
Music Industries & Markets
1
Local Media Economics & Markets, Local Media Financing
1
Music Markets
1
Economy
1
Commodities, Raw Materials, Extractive Industries, Mining
1
Adult Education
1
Easy-To-Understand Information, Easy-To-Read Materials, Easy Language
1
Journalism / Communication Training Centers
1
Communication for Sustainable Development
1
Deserts, Desertification
1
Ethics in Media & Communication
1
Accountability & Transparency of the Media
1
Defamation Law & Regulation
1
Press Councils
1
Self-Regulation of Media
1
Social Norms
1
Media Assistance: Gender Focus
1
Good Practice Examples
1
Innovations
1
Child Health, Mother & Child Care Communication
1
Health Communication & Campaigns: Youth
1
Malaria Communication
1
WASH Communication (Water, Sanitation, Hygiene)
1
Colonial Period
1
History of the Press
1
Nazism
1
Second World War (1939-1945)
1
Ethnicity in Communication
1
Indigenous Issues Reporting & Media Representation
1
Indigenous Languages
1
Influence of Media on Foreign & International Policies
1
Satellite Television
1
Transnational Communication
1
UNESCO & IPDC Media Assistance
1
Associations & Networks of Journalists
1
Constructive Journalism, Solution-Oriented Journalism
1
Investigative Journalism
1
Journalism Concepts & Cultures
1
Journalists
1
Local Journalism
1
Corruption Reporting & Role of Media in Curbing Corruption
1
Protests, Protest Movements, Protest Reporting & Media Representation
1
Bilingualism, Multilingualism
1
Language Barriers
1
European Union: Media Assistance
1
France: Media Assistance
1
Germany: Media Assistance Actors, Practices, Priorities
1
Japan: Media Assistance
1
Media Assistance: Effects
1
Media Assistance: Elections
1
Media Assistance: Financial Sustainability & Management
1
Media Assistance: Funding Policies
1
Media Assistance: Governance, Accountability, Combating Corruption
1
Media Assistance: Implementing Organizations
1
Deutsche Welle DW Akademie
1
Media Assistance: Media & Information Literacy
1
Media Assistance: Public Service Broadcasting
1
Media Assistance: Regional Approaches & Experiences
1
Norway: Media Assistance
1
Sweden: Media Assistance
1
United Kingdom: Media Assistance
1
Crowdsourcing
1
Information Ecosystems
1
Mindfulness, Mindful Communication
1
Media System Analyses & Typologies
1
Social Media Landscapes
1
Confidential Sources, Whistleblowing, Protection of Journalists' Sources
1
Frequency Allocation, Radio Frequency & Spectrum Management
1
Human Rights
1
Human Rights Protection
1
Human Rights Violations
1
Religious Freedom
1
Starting Media Outlets, Creation of Digital Businesses
1
Migrants, Refugees, Diasporas & Media
1
Youth Migrants, Youth Refugees, Youth Dasporas
1
Music
1
People with Disabilities: Access to & Use of ICT and Media
1
People with Disabilities: Tailored ICT & Media Products
1
Politics
1
Civic Engagement, Citizen & Community Participation
1
Military
1
State
1
Agenda Setting
1
Governance & Accountability: Role of Media / Communication
1
Media Capture, Vested Political & Other Interests in the Media
1
Political Communication
1
Political Television Programmes & Political Talkshows
1
Propaganda
1
Watchdog Role of the Media
1
Press
1
Newspapers
1
Public & State Press
1
Business & Economics Radio Programmes
1
Radio Debates, Radio Talk Shows, Call-In Radio Programmes
1
Radio Stations
1
Manipulation
1
Buddhism
1
Hinduism and Communication
1
Islam
1
Religious Discrimination, Persecution of / Violence Against Religious Groups
1
Yazidism, Yazidis, Yezidis
1
Research in Media & Communication
1
Society
1
Resilience
1
Dalits
1
Software Security
1
Telecommunication Infrastructure
1
Telecommunication Law, Regulation & Policies
1
Youth, Adolescents
1
Language
Document type
Countries / Regions
Authors & Publishers
Media focus
Publication Years
Methods applied
Journals
Output Type

Media Assistance in Burma’s Reform Decade

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2022), 8 pp.
"Despite the grim outlook, media development efforts in Burma between 2010 and 2020 may be instructive not only for donors pondering the way forward, but also for media assistance efforts in other countries in transition. This report, part of the Center for International Media Assistance’s “Medi ... more
"This briefing document provides an overview of key developments in digital authoritarianism in 11 countries and explains the theoretical framework and methodology behind The Unfreedom Monitor project. The document also provides a basis for expanding this research to other countries to deepen our un ... more

Social Media and Hate

London, New York: Routledge (2022), 130 pp.
"Using expert interviews and focus groups, this book investigates the theoretical and practical intersection of misinformation and social media hate in contemporary societies. Social Media and Hate argues that these phenomena, and the extreme violence and discrimination they initiate against targete ... more
"The road to media freedom has been winding and narrow for Myanmar. Prior to the February 2021 military takeover, there had been guarded optimism that the country would soon enjoy freedom of expression and democratic principles. The country’s political reform process started in 2011, after 50 year ... more
"Cross-national media freedom comparison is often based on Western-biased indices published by organizations such as Freedom House or Reporters Without Borders. Additionally, Eurocentric analysis and comparison are endorsed by the application of hegemonic media systems models to compare media enviro ... more
"BBC Media Action’s innovative sexual and reproductive health rights (SRHR) project - Ma Shet Ne (Don’t be shy!) – was designed to support young people living in Yangon to access quality information and realise their rights. Research findings show that young people are highly engaged with the ... more

Internet Access Amid Darkness and Lives Amid Threats: Analysis of Internet Blackout

Athan Freedom of Expression Activist Organization (2022), 24 pp.

The social atrocity: Meta and the right to remedy for the Rohingya

London: Amnesty International (2022), 72 pp.
"Beginning in August 2017, the Myanmar security forces undertook a brutal campaign of ethnic cleansing against Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar’s Northern Rakhine State. A UN investigation found that the role of Facebook in the violence was “significant”. This report is based on an in-depth investi ... more

Media Assistance in Burma’s Reform Decade

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2022), 35 pp.
"Using the coup as a vantage point, interviewees for this report were asked to reflect on three main questions: What have we learned about past media reform efforts? With hindsight, what are the legacies, best practices, and lessons learned? With a view to the future, what does the media’s respons ... more
"Drawing from a range of case studies of news and journalism startups, including Malaysiakini, Hong Kong Free Press, The News Lens of Taiwan, Thailand’s The Standard, Ciwei Gongshe of China, Indonesia’s IDN Media, Sabay of Cambodia and Frontier Myanmar, this book provides tips on how to launch a ... more
"Beyond Access was the first major global attempt to connect the international development and public library worlds. Taking the form of a series of projects in a dozen countries meant to help catalyze library development around national goals, the program operated from 2011 to 2018. Starting from a ... more
"Which functions do social media fill for non-state armed groups in countries with internal armed conflict? Building on conflict data, interviews and media monitoring, we have reviewed the use of social media by Myanmar’s nine most powerful armed groups. The first finding is that they act like sta ... more
"This publication presents the findings from an audience study carried out by International Media Support (IMS) and Nyan Corridor in June-August 2022. The report provides insights into the media habits of the population of Myanmar following the 2021-military coup as well as people’s news concepts, ... more

Media Reform Amid Political Upheaval: Lessons from Burma, Ethiopia, Sudan, Tunisia, and Ukraine

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2022), 36 pp.
"This study points to several recommendations for how international donors can improve support for media sector reform in countries at critical political junctures, and how they can build upon and strengthen approaches that have been effective in the past. Donor support is more likely to be effectiv ... more
"This book lays out the history of entertainment-education and discusses the boundaries of what counts as entertainment-education and narrative persuasion, includes both authors who work within academia and authors who are practitioners, and chapters focusing on developed and developing countries; d ... more

Disinformation and Fake News

Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan (2021), xii, 158 pp.
"While much has been said about individual disinformation campaigns in specific countries, this book offers a panoramic view of how these campaigns are conducted, who they target, and how they are spread. By bringing together research on specific countries and international data mined from questionn ... more

Myanmar’s Military Struggles to Control the Virtual Battlefield

Brussels: International Crisis Group (2021), 37 pp.
"Since the 1 February coup d’état in Myanmar, the online space has become a parallel battlefield on which the country’s military and its opponents try to rally supporters, share information and control the narrative around events unfolding in the country. This virtual struggle has been vitally ... more
"This study examines the effects of media coverage on the Rohingya refugee crisis based on articles from two liberal, elite newspaper sources, The New York Times and The Guardian between 2010 and 2020. The study reveals that the attempts of international pressure to stop the crisis have increased th ... more
"This Situation Report on the “Impact of COVID-19 on Media Freedom, Media Business Viability, and the Safety of Journalists in Southeast Asia” offers an insight into the key impacts of the pandemic on the media across nine countries. The report proposes recommendations for enabling sustainable a ... more