Myanmar / Burma
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Media Landscapes, Media Systems, Media Situation in General
21
Digital Media Censorship, Control & Filtering, Internet & Social Media Censorship
17
Rohingya
16
Media Freedom, Press Freedom
15
Media Law & Regulation
14
Press Landscapes
11
Facebook
9
Media Assistance
9
Press Freedom & Communication Rights Violations
8
Hate Speech, Hate Speech in Social Media
8
Female Journalists & Media Workers
8
Democracy / Democratization and Media
8
Media Use, Media Consumption
7
Exile Journalism, Exile Media
7
Freedom of Expression
7
Internet Shutdowns
7
Political Transition and Media
7
Access to Internet & Digital Communications
6
Digital Activism, Cyber Advocacy
6
Social Media in Political Communication
6
Disinformation, Misinformation, Fake News
6
Journalism Education & Training
6
Migration & Refugees Reporting & (Social) Media Representation
6
Information Needs & Media Use: Refugees & Displaced People
5
Trust in the Media, Credibility of Media
5
Media Assistance: Journalism Education & Training
5
Safety of Journalists, Safety Risks of Media Workers
5
Access to Media & Information
4
Independent & Oppositional Media in Authoritarian Regimes
4
Conflicts & Wars: Roles of Digital Technologies & Conflict Narratives in Social Media
4
Internet / Social Media Law & Regulation
4
Democratization & Digital Media / Social Media
4
ICT Regulation
4
Ethnic Media, Minority Media
4
Media Viability & Financial Sustainability
4
Election Reporting
4
COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Journalism, Media & Communication
4
Media & Communication Policies
4
Television Landscapes
4
Financing Media, Financial Media Management
4
Public Service Broadcasting
4
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Media
3
Gender Advocacy & Empowerment, Gender Mainstreaming
3
Digital & Social Media Use, Internet Use
3
Internet & Social Media Use: Minorities
3
Mobile Phone Use
3
Authoritarian Regimes: Media Systems & Landscapes
3
Catholic Press
3
Censorship
3
Surveillance, Surveillance Technologies, Spyware
3
Religion and Conflicts, Religious Conflicts, Religious Violence
3
Conflict Areas: Media Systems, Media Landscapes, Role of Media
3
Human Rights Protection & Violations: Media Representation & Reporting
3
Media Assistance Projects & Programs: Case Studies
3
Internet
3
Social Media
3
ICTs and Development
3
Digitalisation, Online Communication & Democracy / Democratization
3
ICT Industries & Markets
3
Countering Hate Speech, Disinformation & Propaganda
3
Media Markets
3
Health Campaigns: Experiences
3
Indigenous Media, Indigenous Language Media Productions
3
Journalism
3
Local Communication & Media
3
Radio Landscapes
3
Migrants & Refugees: Tailor-Made Media Products & Information Services
3
Refugees / Displaced People
3
Politics and Media
3
Election Campaigns: Social Media
3
Buddhism and Communication
3
Civil Society
3
Mobile Phones, Smartphones
3
Flow of Information
2
Advocacy & Political Films
2
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Digital Communication
2
Area & Regional Studies
2
Digital & Social Media Use: Youth
2
Media Use: Migrants & Diasporas
2
Authoritarian Regimes: Government Communication Strategies
2
Media Assistance: Authoritarian Countries
2
Catholic Church
2
Catholic Media
2
Catholic Radio Programmes
2
Puppetry
2
Communication Pastoral, Media Pastoral
2
Documentaries, Television Documentaries, Web Documentaries
2
Film Training & Film Schools
2
Communication Rights
2
Cybersecurity, Digital Safety, Privacy, Right to Privacy
2
Freedom of Expression Online, Internet Freedom
2
Media Assistance: Freedom of Expression & Safety of Journalists
2
Media / Communication Control
2
Internet Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
2
Community Radio Sustainability & Financing
2
Conflict Reporting, Armed Conflict Reporting
2
Conflict-Sensitive Digital Technology Use & Social Media in Prevention & Transformation
2
Extremist & Terrorist Digital / Social Media Presence
2
Media Assistance in Conflict Regions & Fragile Countries
2
Rumours & Rumour Management
2
Digital Communication, Digital Media
2
Internet and Politics
2
Digital Journalism, Online Journalism
2
Internet Markets
2
Digital Media Markets
2
Content Moderation & Regulation: Social Media
2
Mobile Phone Markets
2
Diaspora Media
2
Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups: Reporting & Media Representation
2
Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Reporting
2
Library Assistance (Development Cooperation)
2
Public Libraries
2
Media Ownership
2
Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence
2
Gender Representation & Stereotypes in the Media
2
Sexual Health Communication, Reproductive Health Education, Family Planning
2
Indigenous Communication
2
Foreign News, International News
2
News Agencies
2
Drug Trafficking Reporting & Media Representation
2
Working Conditions of Journalists & Media Personnel
2
Media Assistance: Country Strategies & Experiences
2
Media Assistance: Exile Media
2
Media Assistance: Law & Regulation, Media Policy Consultancies
2
Media Assistance: Transition Countries & Defective Democracies
2
USA: Media Assistance
2
Diversity & Pluralism in Media / Communication
2
Internet Governance, Internet Policies
2
Media Law & Regulation: Transitional Countries
2
Public Service Broadcasting: Regulation & Governance
2
Framing
2
Religion and Communication
2
Islam and Communication
2
Telecommunications
2
Mobile Phone Apps
2
Mobile Phone Use for Social Purposes, Mobiles for Development
2
Telecommunication Industries & Markets
2
Television
2
Non-Western Communication Approaches
2
Access to Public Information, Freedom of Information, Right to Information
1
Advertising
1
Advertising Markets & Industries
1
Advocacy & Empowerment: Disadvantaged & Vulnerable Groups
1
Advocacy & Empowerment: Migrants & Refugees
1
Empowerment
1
Media Advocacy, Media Activism
1
People with Disabilities: Advocacy & Empowerment
1
Social Movements: Communication Strategies & Practices
1
Agriculture
1
Land Property, Land Grabbing, Land Reforms
1
Audiences & Users
1
Audience Clubs & Listener Groups
1
Audience Segmentation, User Typologies, Personas
1
Information Needs in Disasters & Humanitarian Crises
1
Media Use: Indigenous Populations
1
Media Use: Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups
1
Mobile Phone Use: Minorities
1
Media Use: Rural Populations
1
Media Use: Youth
1
News Consumption & Information Sources of Media Users
1
Radio Consumption, Radio Use, Radio Audiences
1
Book Marketing, Branding & Promotion
1
Book Trade & Distribution
1
Catholic Book Publishing
1
Christian Book Publishing
1
Textbooks, Textbook Development, Publishing & Research
1
Campaigning
1
Election Campaigns
1
Radio Campaigns
1
Catholic Church and Communication
1
Catholic Digital Media Presence & Online Communities
1
Radio Veritas Asia
1
National Catholic Communication Work, National Catholic Communication Commissions
1
Comics, Cartoons, Caricatures
1
Christian Communication
1
Christian Churches & Denominations
1
Christian Media
1
Christian Radio Programmes
1
Christian Press: Evangelical / Protestant & Others
1
Christian Minorities
1
Persecution of / Violence Against Christians
1
Asian Cinema
1
Female Film Actors, Directors & Producers
1
Film Festivals
1
Indigenous Films, Indigenous Videos
1
Film Industries
1
Film Production Management
1
National Cinemas, National Film Production
1
Digital Rights
1
Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists & Media Personnel
1
State Influence on the Media
1
Public Diplomacy, Cultural Diplomacy
1
Alternative Communication & Media
1
Citizen Journalism, Community Journalism
1
Community Media
1
Community Media Financing & Sustainability
1
Community Radios
1
Community Radio Regulation & Licensing
1
Community Radio Training Methods & Training of Trainers
1
Community Telecommunication Networks
1
Storytelling
1
Conflicts, Conflict Prevention & Management, Mediation, Peacebuilding
1
Religion and Justice / Peace / Reconciliation
1
Boko Haram
1
Islamic State (Political-Religious Extremist Organization)
1
Conflicts and Media
1
Conflict Prevention, Mediation & Reconciliation: Role of Media
1
Conflict-Sensitive & Peace Journalism
1
Extremist & Terrorist Communication Strategies and Media
1
Foreign Conflict Reporting, International War Reporting
1
Military: Online & Social Media Communication Strategies
1
War Propaganda, Propaganda in Conflicts
1
Countering Misinformation & Rumours
1
Media Monitoring, Media Observatories
1
Puppetry in Education
1
Collective Memory: Violent Conflicts & Wars
1
Cultural Identity
1
Culture (General)
1
Development Assistance
1
United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
1
Development Communication, Communication for Development (C4D)
1
Behaviour Change Communication
1
Behaviour Change Communication: Effects & Effectiveness
1
Communication for Social Change
1
Development Communication: Experiences
1
Entertainment Education, Edutainment
1
Edutainment Radio Programmes
1
Edutainment Television Programmes
1
Influence of Media on Development Aid
1
Cyberbullying, Cyberharassment
1
Digital Entrepreneurs, Tech Entrepreneurs
1
Digital Healthcare & Information, Mobile Health, E-Health, Telemedicine
1
Digital Media Landscapes
1
Digital Media Startups
1
Digital Media Management, Online Media Management
1
Digital Platforms & Intermediaries
1
E-Governance, E-Democracy
1
Blogging, Blogs
1
Religion in Social Media
1
Social / Digital Media and ICTs in Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Management & Prevention
1
Twitter & Microblogs
1
YouTube
1
Ethnic / Minority Online Communities & Websites
1
Digitalization, Digital Transformation
1
Digital Industrial Policies
1
Educational Use of ICTs / Internet
1
Online Learning, E-Learning
1
ICT Policies
1
Discrimination in Language & Media
1
Media Assistance: Minority Media
1
Minority Journalists
1
Racism in Social Media & Digital Communication
1
Romani People
1
Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Communication
1
Coordination in Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Communication
1
Infectious Diseases' Outbreak Communication
1
Media Industries
1
Music Industries & Markets
1
Local Media Economics & Markets, Local Media Financing
1
Music Markets
1
Economy
1
Commodities, Raw Materials, Extractive Industries, Mining
1
Adult Education
1
Easy-To-Understand Information, Easy-To-Read Materials, Easy Language
1
Journalism / Communication Training Centers
1
Communication for Sustainable Development
1
Deserts, Desertification
1
Ethics in Media & Communication
1
Accountability & Transparency of the Media
1
Defamation Law & Regulation
1
Press Councils
1
Self-Regulation of Media
1
Social Norms
1
Media Assistance: Gender Focus
1
Good Practice Examples
1
Innovations
1
Child Health, Mother & Child Care Communication
1
Health Communication & Campaigns: Youth
1
Malaria Communication
1
WASH Communication (Water, Sanitation, Hygiene)
1
Colonial Period
1
History of the Press
1
Nazism
1
Second World War (1939-1945)
1
Ethnicity in Communication
1
Indigenous Issues Reporting & Media Representation
1
Indigenous Languages
1
Influence of Media on Foreign & International Policies
1
Satellite Television
1
Transnational Communication
1
UNESCO & IPDC Media Assistance
1
Associations & Networks of Journalists
1
Constructive Journalism, Solution-Oriented Journalism
1
Investigative Journalism
1
Journalism Concepts & Cultures
1
Journalists
1
Local Journalism
1
Corruption Reporting & Role of Media in Curbing Corruption
1
Protests, Protest Movements, Protest Reporting & Media Representation
1
Bilingualism, Multilingualism
1
Language Barriers
1
European Union: Media Assistance
1
France: Media Assistance
1
Germany: Media Assistance Actors, Practices, Priorities
1
Japan: Media Assistance
1
Media Assistance: Effects
1
Media Assistance: Elections
1
Media Assistance: Financial Sustainability & Management
1
Media Assistance: Funding Policies
1
Media Assistance: Governance, Accountability, Combating Corruption
1
Media Assistance: Implementing Organizations
1
Deutsche Welle DW Akademie
1
Media Assistance: Media & Information Literacy
1
Media Assistance: Public Service Broadcasting
1
Media Assistance: Regional Approaches & Experiences
1
Norway: Media Assistance
1
Sweden: Media Assistance
1
United Kingdom: Media Assistance
1
Crowdsourcing
1
Information Ecosystems
1
Mindfulness, Mindful Communication
1
Media System Analyses & Typologies
1
Social Media Landscapes
1
Confidential Sources, Whistleblowing, Protection of Journalists' Sources
1
Frequency Allocation, Radio Frequency & Spectrum Management
1
Human Rights
1
Human Rights Protection
1
Human Rights Violations
1
Religious Freedom
1
Starting Media Outlets, Creation of Digital Businesses
1
Migrants, Refugees, Diasporas & Media
1
Youth Migrants, Youth Refugees, Youth Dasporas
1
Music
1
People with Disabilities: Access to & Use of ICT and Media
1
People with Disabilities: Tailored ICT & Media Products
1
Politics
1
Civic Engagement, Citizen & Community Participation
1
Military
1
State
1
Agenda Setting
1
Governance & Accountability: Role of Media / Communication
1
Media Capture, Vested Political & Other Interests in the Media
1
Political Communication
1
Political Television Programmes & Political Talkshows
1
Propaganda
1
Watchdog Role of the Media
1
Press
1
Newspapers
1
Public & State Press
1
Business & Economics Radio Programmes
1
Radio Debates, Radio Talk Shows, Call-In Radio Programmes
1
Radio Stations
1
Manipulation
1
Buddhism
1
Hinduism and Communication
1
Islam
1
Religious Discrimination, Persecution of / Violence Against Religious Groups
1
Yazidism, Yazidis, Yezidis
1
Research in Media & Communication
1
Society
1
Resilience
1
Dalits
1
Software Security
1
Telecommunication Infrastructure
1
Telecommunication Law, Regulation & Policies
1
Youth, Adolescents
1
Language
Document type
Countries / Regions
Authors & Publishers
Media focus
Publication Years
Methods applied
Journals
Output Type
"Myanmar was originally portrayed as an internet success story. Connected in a matter of months after five decades of military dictatorship, Myanmar people were supposed to be able to communicate freely, access unimpeded information online, experience the benefits of a range of compelling and empowe ... more
"2019 has seen major achievements resulting from needs-based, and specifically-tailored support through the Multi-Donor Programme on Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists (MDP). Actions building on ongoing work and others opening new avenues, have initiated substantial changes in favour of ... more

Press Freedom in Contemporary Asia

London; New York: Routledge (2020), xii, 402 pp.

Covering Rakhine: Journalism, Conflict and Identity

In: Myanmar Media in Transition: Legacies, Challenges and Change
Lisa Brooten; Jane Madlyn McElhone; Gayathry Venkiteswaran (eds.)
Singapore: ISEAS (2019), pp. 229-238
"In this chapter I explore the challenge of gaining access, and remaining independent, in an ethnic state where you are expected to be on one side of the conflict or on the other. For decades the military junta restricted access to information and wielded a powerful propaganda strategy. This has had ... more

Media and Mass Atrocity: The Rwanda Genocide and Beyond

Waterloo, Ontario: Centre for International Governance Innovation (2019), x, 637 pp.
"The book includes an extensive section on the echoes of Rwanda, which looks at the cases of Darfur, the Central African Republic, Myanmar, and South Sudan, while the impact of social media as a new actor is examined through chapters on social media use by the Islamic State and in Syria and in other ... more
"This report—based largely on interviews in Myanmar and analysis of legal and policy changes since 2016—assesses the NLD government’s record on freedom of expression and assembly in its more than two years in power. It updates Human Rights Watch’s prior report, “They Can Arrest You at Any ... more

Silencing a Snakehead Fish: A Case Study in Local Media, Rural-Based Activism, and Defamation Litigation in Southern Myanmar

In: Myanmar Media in Transition: Legacies, Challenges and Change
Lisa Brooten; Jane Madlyn McElhone; Gayathry Venkiteswaran (eds.)
Singapore: ISEAS (2019), pp. 151-176
"My focus in this chapter is on civil society mobilization in Tanintharyi Region in southern Myanmar, and particularly in Kanbauk, a village of about 1,500 households in the Tanintharyi Hills, eighty kilometres north of the regional capital, Dawei. In recent years, Kanbauk villagers have contended w ... more

Global Digital Cultures: Perspectives from South Asia

Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press (2019), viii, 317 pp.
"Digital media histories are part of a global network, and South Asia is a key nexus in shaping the trajectory of digital media in the twenty-first century. Digital platforms like Facebook, WhatsApp, and others are deeply embedded in the daily lives of millions of people around the world, shaping ho ... more

Legal Changes for Media and Expression: New Reforms, Old Controls

In: Myanmar Media in Transition: Legacies, Challenges and Change
Lisa Brooten; Jane Madlyn McElhone; Gayathry Venkiteswaran (eds.)
Singapore: ISEAS (2019), pp. 59-94
"This chapter provides an overview of the laws related to media and free expression introduced or changed in Myanmar since 2011. We begin with a review of the literature on media legal reforms during transitions, followed by a mapping of the media laws in Myanmar and issues related to the reform pro ... more
"Facebook is the Internet in Myanmar, and it presents both opportunities for and challenges to the government, the opposition, and the people in a country that is in transition. Facebook has gained notoriety as a platform for hate speech and fake news in Myanmar over the past seven years. Facebook h ... more
"Background: Interventions to raise community awareness about malaria prevention and treatment have used various approaches with little evidence on their efficacy. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of loudspeaker announcements regarding malaria care and prevention practices among peopl ... more
"Most young people lack the digital citizenship skills required to protect themselves from the online dangers and emotional and mental health impacts of social media highlighted in this report. The study finds evidence that young people across Myanmar suffer from ‘hate speech fatigue’, often exa ... more
"When comparing media freedom in Malaysia, Myanmar, and Thailand, so-called “fake news” appears as threats to a deliberative (online) public sphere in these three diverse contexts. However, “racist propaganda”, “information operations” and “negative campaigning” might be more accurat ... more
"Representing stories through documentary film can offer a means to convey multilayered and sensory accounts of the lived experiences of people in extreme transition, especially former refugees. However, along with the potential of this medium comes the responsibility to engage with participants in ... more

From Blogging to Digital Rights: Telecommunications Reform in Myanmar

In: Myanmar Media in Transition: Legacies, Challenges and Change
Lisa Brooten; Jane Madlyn McElhone; Gayathry Venkiteswaran (eds.)
Singapore: ISEAS (2019), pp. 366-376
"The uptake of telecommunications technology in Myanmar has been nothing short of dramatic. After years of restricted access to information and freedom of expression, it has been a remarkable journey for civil society groups like MIDO to witness the growing interest and demand, especially among the ... more
"Bangladesh hosts about one million Rohingya Muslim refugees from Rakhine State of Myanmar, majority of them fled to the country following a deadly military crackdown on the community in response to Rohingya militant attacks on Myanmar security forces on August 25, 2017. The United Nations termed th ... more

New Video Generation: The Myanmar Motion Picture Industry in 2017

In: Myanmar Media in Transition: Legacies, Challenges and Change
Lisa Brooten; Jane Madlyn McElhone; Gayathry Venkiteswaran (eds.)
Singapore: ISEAS (2019), pp. 287-306
"Following a summary of secondary and primary sources on the subject of film production in Burma, I will present an overview of the history of the Burmese film industry, from the British colonial period, to independence, to the years of the Burmese Socialist Program Party, and then the SLORC/SPDC ye ... more