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Managing Social Media During Emergencies Guide

Sarah Bishop

Adelaide: Local Government Association of South Australia (2016), 34 pp.

"This Managing Social Media During Emergencies Guide is designed to assist Councils to better plan, manage and continue to improve the effectiveness of social media use during an emergency event." (Intorduction, page 4)

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The IFRC and Community Resilience: Communication Guidance for National Societies

Geneva: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) (2016), 25 pp.

"The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) has developed this paper to support Red Cross and Red Crescent staff and volunteers in their communication and advocacy on community resilience. The paper explains the IFRC’s definition of and approach to building communi ... more

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Social and Behavior Change Communication for Emergency Preparedness: Implementation Kit

Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs (2016), 164 pp.

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Trends in Risk Communication Policies and Practices

Paris: OECD (2016), 87 pp.

"Good risk communication is crucial for raising awareness among citizens and business about the risks their countries face. However, many countries have seen their risk communication tools fail in the past, leading to persistently low levels of risk awareness, especially in the absence of recent dis ... more

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Using Media and Communication to Respond to Public Health Emergencies: Lessons Learned from Ebola

Sophia Wilkinson

London: BBC Media Action (2016), 30 pp.

"This practice briefing sets out what BBC Media Action learned in delivering and supporting health communication in response to the Ebola crisis in West Africa in 2014–15. It has a particular focus on Sierra Leone as this was the hub of the organisation’s response. The paper aims to contribute t ... more

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Estrategia nacional de comunicación de riesgos para emergencias sanitarias y desastres en la República Dominicana

Santo Domingo (DO): Ministerio de Salud Pública (2016), 106 pp.

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ICT for Disaster Risk Management

Incheon: Asian and Pacific Training Centre for Information and Communication Technology for Development (APCICT-ESCAP) (2016), 85 pp.

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Disaster Risk Reduction Information Kit for Media

Vientiane Capital (LA): Department of Disaster Management and Climate Change (DDMCC) (2016), 61 pp.

"The media can make a real difference in the way people think about and act on disasters. Reporters, commentators, editors, broadcasters, and all members of the media can do more than just inform and raise awareness about disasters. By exploring the root causes of disasters and their social dimensio ... more

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Big Crisis Data

Carlos Castillo

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2016), 224 pp.

"Social media is an invaluable source of time-critical information during a crisis. However, emergency response and humanitarian relief organizations that would like to use this information struggle with an avalanche of social media messages that exceeds human capacity to process. Emergency managers ... more

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A Textual Processing Model of Risk Communication: Lessons from Typhoon Haiyan

Raul P. Lejano, Joyce Melcar Tan, A. Meriwether W. Wilson

American Meteorological Society, volume 8, issue 4 (2016), pp. 447-463

"As the world's urban poor increase in numbers, they become acutely vulnerable to hazards from extreme weather events. On 8 November 2013, Typhoon Haiyan struck the province of Leyte, Philippines, with casualties numbering in the thousands, largely because of the ensuing storm surge that swept the c ... more

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Risk Communication Basics

NOAA (2016), 18 pp.

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A Report on the Role of the Media in the Information Flows That Emerge During Crisis Situations

Paul Reilly, Dima Atanasova

SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden (2016), 41 pp.

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Social Media Use During Disasters: How Information Form and Source Influence Intended Behavioral Responses

Brooke Fisher Liu, Julia Daisy Fraustino, Yan Jin

Communication Research, volume 43, issue 5 (2016), pp. 626-646

"This study provides insights that can inform disaster communication management, policymaking, and theory building through a nationally representative field experiment (N = 2,015 U.S. adults) grounded in media richness theory, information and communication technologies (ICTs) succession theory, and ... more

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Affirmative Duties: The Institutional and Individual Capabilities Required in Disaster Coverage

Lee Wilkins

Journalism Studies, volume 17, issue 2 (2016), pp. 216-230

"Most analysis of media coverage of disaster has a normative edge. This paper outlines a philosophical basis for establishing normative standards for news coverage of natural hazards and human-based risk. It begins with a top-down, or system-oriented, epistemological approach to disasters and risk. ... more

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What Your Audience Needs to Know in an Emergency: Life-Saving Information. Topic-By-Topic Guide to Core Humanitarian Issues

London: BBC Media Action (2016), various pag.

"These guides are for media professionals working to help audiences affected by humanitarian crises. They give a brief overview of common humanitarian issues in emergencies. They will help you: understand what kinds of problems your audiences are likely to be facing in emergencies; work alongside re ... more

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UN House PoC 3 Juba - Central Equatoria State: Wave 2 Assessment

Internews (2015), 9 pp.

"In August 2014 Internews launched Boda Boda Talk Talk (BBTT) in the Protection of Civilians site known as PoC 3 in Juba. PoC 3 is the newest site and is adjacent to the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) UN House base that contains PoC 1 and PoC 2. BBTT is a professionally produced reco ... more

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Kurdish Region of Northern Iraq: Humanitarian Information Needs of Syrian Refugees

International Media Support (IMS) (2015), 18 pp.

"The assessment concludes that there is not ‘one magic answer’ to the question of which media channel is the most effective – rather a variety of channels must be used to reach as many people as possible. While TV scores high among both refugees and host population as a preferred media channel ... more

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Digital Humanitarians: How Big Data is Changing the Face of Humanitarian Response

Patrick Meier

Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press (2015), xxv, 233 pp.

"The overflow of information generated during disasters can be as paralyzing to humanitarian response as the lack of information. This flash flood of information'social media, satellite imagery and more is often referred to as Big Data. Making sense of this data deluge during disasters is proving an ... more

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Media Witnessing: Exploring the Audience of Distant Suffering

Maria Kyriakidou

Media, Culture & Society, volume 37, issue 2 (2015), pp. 215-231

"This article aims at demonstrating the relevance of the concept of 'media witnessing' as an analytical lens for the study of audience engagement with media reports of distant suffering. Drawing upon existing theoretical work on the concept, the article approaches media witnessing as a distinct moda ... more

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Making Secondary Trauma a Primary Issue: A Study of Eyewitness Media and Vicarious Trauma on the Digital Frontline

Sam Dubberley, Elizabeth Griffin, Haluk Mert Bal

Istanbul: Eyewitness Media Hub (2015), 69 pp.

"The rapid and incredible growth of eyewitness media (also known as user-generated content or UGC) has led to the emergence of a new cadre of journalists, humanitarian and human rights professionals whose job it is to seek out, verify and edit the most disturbing and traumatic raw images captured by ... non professionals and posted online. These professionals are tasked with viewing and sifting through massive volumes of eyewitness media - that is, raw, unedited, authentic footage now captured regularly on smartphones - to enhance their investigations, reporting, operations, prosecutions and advocacy. Professionals who work with eyewitness media watch disturbing footage from war zones, natural and manmade disasters and accidents over and over again to verify its veracity and to edit out images that are deemed too extreme for viewing by the general public. Viewing traumatic images of death, destruction, blood and unimaginable horrors all day every day - often for years on end - is now an integral part of the daily work of many desk-bound staff working for news, human rights and humanitarian organisations who are often located thousands of miles away from where the actual horrors occur. Whether it is a broadcaster, publisher, human rights or humanitarian professional, symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are now evident amongst staff working in offices on what we call the digital frontline. This study builds upon previous research that proved that viewing distressing eyewitness media can lead psychological injury, including, but not restricted to, such conditions as PTSD and major depression. The principle aim of this research is to explore the following questions: How much distressing eyewitness media are professionals, who work in the three professional sectors, watching? How frequently, and in what volumes are professionals viewing distressing eyewitness media? What kinds of eyewitness media do professionals find particularly distressing?" What coping mechanisms, if any, have been developed by staff to help mitigate the potentially negative effects of viewing distressing content? - What support, if any, do professionals receive from their organisations and senior managers? - Does organisational culture encourage or prevent professionals from requesting support from their organisation’s hierarchy? What training and preparation is provided to raise awareness of or mitigate the adverse impact of trauma exposure on university graduates, newcomers and those established in post? What resources do organisations provide to prevent, mitigate and treat the adverse impact of trauma exposure? Which of those resources have been used? Which are found to be the most useful? What do staff who experience vicarious trauma need and expect from their organisations in order to support them? Based on an online survey (to which we received 209 responses from people working with eyewitness media across all three professional sectors) and 38 in-depth, anonymous interviews we find that: the impact of eyewitness media on journalism, human rights and humanitarian work means that the frontline is no longer geographic. A new type of frontline has emerged that is digital. Staff at an organisation’s headquarters who work with eyewitness media do so daily and often see more horror on a daily basis compared to their counterparts deployed in the field. Consequently, organisations have a duty of care towards office based staff working on the digital frontline who are at serious risk of vicarious trauma and PTSD [...] " (Executive summary, page 3-5) more