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Journals
Output Type
Lie Machines: How to Save Democracy from Troll Armies, Deceitful Robots, Junk News Operations, and Political Operatives
New Haven; London: Yale University Press (2020), xviii, 221 pp.
"Artificially intelligent “bot” accounts attack politicians and public figures on social media. Conspiracy theorists publish junk news sites to promote their outlandish beliefs. Campaigners create fake dating profiles to attract young voters. We live in a world of technologies that misdirect our
...
Pillars of Russia's Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State (2020), 76 pp.
"Russia has operationalized the concept of perpetual adversarial competition in the information environment by encouraging the development of a disinformation and propaganda ecosystem that allows for varied and overlapping approaches that reinforce each other even when individual messages within the
...
A Systematic Review on Fake News Themes Reported in Literature
In: Responsible Design, Implementation and Use of Information and Communication Technology. I3E 2020
International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) (2020), pp. 223-234
"In this systematic literature review, a study of the factors involved in the spreading of fake news, have been provided. In this review, the root causes of the spreading of fake news are identified to reduce the encouraging of such false information. To combat the spreading of fake news on social m
...
Report on the Facebook Third-Party Fact-Checking Programme
London: Full Fact (2020), 33 pp.
"Full Fact first started working with Facebook on the Third-Party Fact-Checking programme in January 2019. When we joined the programme we committed to reporting regularly on its operation. Our first report, published in July 2019, covered January to June 2019.1 This second report details our experi
...
Desinformation aufdecken und bekämpfen: Interdisziplinäre Ansätze gegen Desinformationskampagnen und für Meinungspluralität
Baden-Baden: Nomos (2020), 217 pp.
"Was macht Desinformation im deutschsprachigen Internet aus? Wie wirkt Desinformation? Wie kann sie mithilfe technischer Mittel erkannt werden? Was kann und könnte mit regulatorischen und rechtlichen Maßnahmen gegen Desinformation getan werden? Aus den Erkenntnissen von Journalistik, Medienpsychol
...
Whose Fingerprint Does the News Show? Developing Machine Learning Classifiers for Automatically Identifying Russian State-Funded News in Serbia
International Journal of Communication, volume 14 (2020), pp. 4428-4452
"Democratic nations around the globe are facing increasing levels of false and misleading information circulating on social media and news websites, propagating alternative sociopolitical realities. One of the most innovative actors in this process has been the Russian state, whose disinformation ca
...
Russische Medien in Deutschland: Wie der russische Informationskrieg und Desinformation Einfluss auf Deutschland ausüben
Potsdam: Friedrich Naumann Foundation (2020), 27 pp.
"In Deutschland wollen RT Deutsch, Sputnik mit SNARadio, Ruptly und die neuen Internet-Firmen Maffick Media und Redfish eine Gegenöffentlichkeit zu den aus ihrer Sicht manipulierten deutschen Medien schaffen. Dabei präsentieren sie sich als unabhängige Alternative. Dies entspricht aber nicht den
...
Types, Sources, and Claims of COVID-19 Misinformation
Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2020), 13 pp.
"In this RISJ factsheet we identify some of the main types, sources, and claims of COVID-19 misinformation seen so far. We analyse a sample of 225 pieces of misinformation rated false or misleading by factcheckers and published in English between January and the end of March 2020, drawn from a colle
...
Combating Misinformation in Bangladesh: Roles and Responsibilities as Perceived by Journalists, Fact-checkers, and Users
Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, volume 4, issue CSCW2, Article 130 (2020), 32 pp.
"The spread of misinformation on Facebook in Bangladesh, a country with a population of over 163 million, has resulted in chaos, hate attacks, and killings. By interviewing journalists, fact-checkers, in addition to surveying the general public, we analyzed the current state of verifying misinformat
...
The Unbearable Ease of Misinformation
Budapest: Center for Media, Data and Society (CMDS) (2020), 163 pp.
"Misinformation is a lucrative business in several Eastern European countries, reliant on advertising revenue, and pulling in cash from a variety of other sources including government subsidies, crowdfunding, tax designations, donations and sales of merchandise. The Business of Misinformation projec
...
Behind Closed Curtains: Disinformation on Messenger Services
Potsdam: Friedrich Naumann Foundation (2020), 30 pp.
"Several studies analysed in this paper show that messenger services facilitate and exacerbate the spread of disinformation. Any solution must make allowances for the complexity with which information spreads. The case studies show that a lack of trust in government is a key factor in the proliferat
...
Disinformation as Political Communication
Political Communication, volume 37, issue 2 (2020), pp. 145-156
"This introduction to the special issue “Beyond Fake News: The Politics of Disinformation” contains four main sections. In the first, we discuss the major sociopolitical factors that have allowed disinformation to flourish in recent years. Second, we review the very short history of disinformati
...
Fake news: Acceptance by demographics and culture on social media
Journal of Information Technology & Politics, volume 17, issue 1 (2020), pp. 1-11
"Fake news has trumped up attention across cultures from the United States Elections to the Arab Spring. While political marketers have long used the language of fear and persuasion in their messaging, social media has intensified its impact. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence
...
Combatting Digital Disinformation: An Evaluation of the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation's Disinformation Strategy
Hewlett Foundation (2020), 29 pp.
"The Hewlett Foundation’s decision to add a focus on disinformation to its 2017 US Democracy strategy was motivated by a desire to figure out how best to encourage social media platforms to reduce polarization exacerbated by disinformation.1 The foundation invested in two major efforts to support
...
Countering Online Misinformation Resource Pack
UNICEF Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia (2020), 26 pp.
"The pack provides easy access to various types of resources (tools, reports, toolkits, journal articles, etc.) that can support the development of tactics and plans to counter misinformation. The pack also provides a summary of what the research indicates as potential solutions to tackle misinforma
...
Demand for Deceit: How the Way We Think Drives Disinformation
Washington, DC: National Endowment for Democracy (NED) (2020), 38 pp.
"Just because the effectiveness of disinformation may be tied to innate aspects of human psychology does not mean that democratic societies are powerless to respond. Rather, civil society, journalists, and other stakeholders invested in the freedom and openness of the global information space should
...
Tackling Disinformation and Infodemics Demands Media Policy Changes
Digital Journalism, volume 8, issue 6 (2020), pp. 855-863
"Disinformation and infodemics have been central for the media policy agenda in most countries and in particular in Europe. Yet, the European Commission has had a soft law approach centralizing obligations to handling information disorder on a content level. This commentary argues that by focusing p
...
Cross-Platform Disinformation Campaigns: Lessons Learned and Next Steps
Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, volume 1, issue 1 (2020), 11 pp.
"This paper examines online discourse about the White Helmets, a volunteer rescue group that operates in rebel (anti-regime) areas of Syria. The White Helmet’s humanitarian activities, their efforts to document the targeting of civilians through video evidence, and their non-sectarian nature (that
...
Engendering Hate: The Contours of State-Aligned Gendered Disinformation Online
London: Demos (2020), 40 pp.
"Online spaces are being systematically weaponised to exclude women leaders and to undermine the role of women in public life. Attacks on women which use hateful language, rumour and gendered stereotypes combine personal attacks with political motivations, making online spaces dangerous places for w
...
Hate Speech, Propaganda and Disinformation in Albanian Media
Tirana; Ljubljana: South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM); Peace Institute; Albanian Media Institute (2020), 27 pp.
"[...] the purpose of this paper is to highlight the main models and elements that media in Albania manifest regarding hate speech, propaganda and disinformation. The research focuses mainly on online media, as they are identified as the main carriers of disinformation and hate speech, with a few ex
...
