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Media Landscapes, Media Systems, Media Situation in General
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Media Law & Regulation
35
Media Freedom, Press Freedom
32
Journalistic Quality
19
Journalism Education & Training
18
Associations & Networks of Journalists
17
Media Management
16
Media Ownership
9
Media Assistance
9
Media & Communication Policies
9
Public Service Broadcasting
9
Audiences & Users
7
Trust in the Media, Credibility of Media
7
Internet
7
Diversity & Pluralism in Media / Communication
7
Radio
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Television
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Media Outlets, Media Associations
6
Ethnic Media, Minority Media
5
Disinformation, Misinformation, Fake News
5
Newspapers
5
Television Channels
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Economics of Media
4
Media Viability & Financial Sustainability
4
International Communication
4
Radio Landscapes
4
Democracy / Democratization and Media
4
Media Capture, Vested Political & Other Interests in the Media
4
Magazines
4
Children's Television Programmes
3
Press Freedom & Communication Rights Violations
3
Conflict Prevention, Mediation & Reconciliation: Role of Media
3
Conflict-Sensitive & Peace Journalism
3
Media Assistance in Conflict Regions & Fragile Countries
3
ICT Regulation
3
Media Concentration
3
Media Markets
3
Ethics in Media & Communication
3
Defamation Law & Regulation
3
Transnational Broadcasting, International Broadcasting
3
Journalism
3
News Agencies
3
Working Conditions of Journalists & Media Personnel
3
Media Assistance: Country Strategies & Experiences
3
Media Assistance: Regional Approaches & Experiences
3
Press Landscapes
3
Television Landscapes
3
Financing Media, Financial Media Management
3
Propaganda
3
Political Transition and Media
3
Public Media, State Media
3
Television Programmes & Genres
3
Access to Internet & Digital Communications
2
Digital Activism, Cyber Advocacy
2
Digital & Social Media Use, Internet Use
2
Media Use, Media Consumption
2
Media Use: Public Service & State Media
2
Mobile Phone Use
2
Media / Communication Control
2
Civil Wars
2
Dealing With the Past
2
Media Assistance Projects & Programs: Case Studies
2
Digital Journalism, Online Journalism
2
Online Services
2
Economic Development: Role of ICTs & Media
2
ICT Industries & Markets
2
ICT Indicators
2
Ethnic Television, Minority Television
2
Countering Hate Speech, Disinformation & Propaganda
2
Foreign Disinformation, Foreign Information Manipulation Operations, Foreign Propaganda
2
Media Industries
2
Press Markets
2
Television Markets
2
Foreign Media Investments, Foreign Media Ownership
2
Economy
2
Journalism Ethics
2
Self-Regulation of Media
2
Female Journalists & Media Workers
2
Intercultural Communication, Intercultural Competencies
2
Foreign Countries: Reporting & Media Representation
2
Satellite Television
2
Investigative Journalism
2
Safety of Journalists, Safety Risks of Media Workers
2
Political Reporting
2
Media Assistance: Public Service Broadcasting
2
Media, Mass Media
2
Small States: Media Systems & Media Landscapes
2
Television Law & Regulation
2
Broadcasting Companies
2
Democracy
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Politics and Media
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Press
2
Satellite Radios
2
Judaism and Communication
2
Digital Television
2
Radio Broadcasting Equipment & Technologies
2
Television Transmitters
2
Telecommunication Infrastructure
2
Access to Information Laws, Right to Information Regulation
1
Advertising Markets & Industries
1
Government Advertising, State Advertising
1
Media Advocacy, Media Activism
1
Audience Feedback, Interaction & Participation
1
Disinformation Consumption & Perception
1
Media Use: Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups
1
Radio Consumption, Radio Use, Radio Audiences
1
Samizdat
1
Campaigning
1
Saints
1
Adventist Church
1
Public Film Policies, Film Legislation, Public Film Funding
1
Videos
1
Digital Media Censorship, Control & Filtering, Internet & Social Media Censorship
1
Digital Rights
1
Exile Journalism, Exile Media
1
Freedom of Expression
1
Censorship
1
Indirect Censorship, Soft Censorship
1
Harassment & Intimidation of Journalists
1
Crisis Communication
1
Government Communication Strategies
1
Public Relations
1
Nonprofit Public Relations: Experiences
1
Nonprofit Public Relations: Design & Implementation
1
Alternative Communication & Media
1
Community Informatics
1
Community Media
1
Street Papers
1
Community Radios
1
Participatory Videos & Community Filmmaking
1
International Conflicts
1
Small Arms
1
Russia-Ukraine War <2014-
1
War Crimes
1
Conflicts and Media
1
Conflict Reporting, Armed Conflict Reporting
1
Conflict-Sensitive Radio Journalism, Radio in Conflict Prevention & Transformation
1
Extremist & Terrorist Digital / Social Media Presence
1
Extremist & Terrorist Communication Strategies and Media
1
Hate Speech, Hate Speech in Social Media
1
Human Security Reporting
1
Interethnic Communication
1
Media Assistance: Conflict Prevention, Mediation & Reconciliation
1
Religious Communication in Conflicts & Peacebuilding
1
Transitional Justice Reporting
1
War Propaganda, Propaganda in Conflicts
1
Collective Identities & Media
1
Cultural Diversity
1
Literature
1
Multicultural Societies, Multiethnic Societies
1
Development Assistance
1
Donor Coordination, Funder Collaboration, Aid Harmonsation
1
Democracy Assistance
1
Donor Agencies
1
USAID - Office of Transition Initiatives (OTI)
1
Nonprofit Organizations, NGOs
1
Development Communication Projects: Case Studies
1
Edutainment Television Programmes
1
Digital Businesses
1
Digital Entrepreneurs, Tech Entrepreneurs
1
Digital Media Landscapes
1
Chat
1
Online Magazines & Newspapers
1
Digital Media Markets
1
Social Media
1
Websites
1
Ethnic / Minority Online Communities & Websites
1
News Websites & Portals
1
Digital Economies, Digital Societies
1
Digitalization, Digital Transformation
1
Ecological Footprint & Sustainability of Digitalization, E-Waste & Recycling
1
Ethnic Press, Minority Press
1
Ethnic Radios, Minority Radios
1
Minorities
1
Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups: Media Policies & Regulations
1
Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups: Reporting & Media Representation
1
Minority Rights
1
Local Media Economics & Markets, Local Media Financing
1
Radio Markets
1
Media Ownership Regulation & Transparency
1
Labour, Labour Markets, Labour Laws, Working Conditions
1
Traffic & Transport Infrastructure
1
Journalism / Communication Training Centers
1
Accountability & Transparency of the Media
1
Defamation of Religion (Blasphemy)
1
Bribery & Corruption in Journalism
1
Bias in News Media
1
Sensationalist Journalism, Yellow Press
1
Gender and Media, Gender and Communication
1
Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Gender Representation & Stereotypes in the Media
1
Good Practice Examples
1
HIV / AIDS Communication
1
History of Media & Communication
1
Indigenous Languages
1
Indigenous Radio Broadcasting
1
Globalisation: Impact on (Local) Media & Communication
1
Russia: Foreign Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
1
International Radio Broadcasting, Foreign Radio Broadcasting
1
Transnational Media Corporations, International Media Companies
1
Foreign Policies
1
Council of Europe
1
European Union (EU)
1
OSCE
1
International Politics
1
Awards & Prizes: Journalism Awards
1
Media Assistance: Investigative Journalism
1
Journalists Dealing with Risks & Threats, Resilience & Wellbeing of Media Workers
1
Journalists: Professional Identity & Values
1
Labour Market for Journalists
1
News
1
Election Reporting
1
Foreign Cultures & Peoples: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Protests, Protest Movements, Protest Reporting & Media Representation
1
Religious Journalism, Religion News
1
Language
1
Bilingualism, Multilingualism
1
Linguistic Diversity
1
Minority Languages
1
Local Television
1
Media Assistance: Financial Sustainability & Management
1
Media Assistance: Impacts, Effectiveness, Efficiency
1
Media Development Indicators
1
USA: Media Assistance
1
COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Journalism, Media & Communication
1
Presentation of Information
1
Public Funding & Support Policies for Media
1
Post-Socialist Media Systems & Landscapes
1
Economic / Social / Cultural Rights
1
Human Rights
1
Internet Governance, Internet Policies
1
Media Regulation Practices
1
Public Service Broadcasting: Regulation & Governance
1
Regulatory Bodies
1
BBC
1
Migration & Refugees Reporting & (Social) Media Representation
1
Civic Engagement, Citizen & Community Participation
1
Clientelism
1
Political Doctrines
1
Fragile / Post-Conflict States
1
Governance & Accountability: Role of Media / Communication
1
National Identity & Media, Nationalism & Communication
1
Political Communication
1
Public Spheres
1
Radio Programmes & Genres
1
Radio Stations
1
Interreligious Dialogue
1
Islam and Communication
1
Civil Society
1
Ethnic Groups, Ethnic Minorities
1
Dalits
1
Digital Switchover
1
Informatics
1
Intranet
1
Telecommunications
1
Commercial Television
1
Language
Document type
Countries / Regions
Authors & Publishers
Media focus
Publication Years
Methods applied
Journals
Output Type

Professional Journalism and Media Literate Public: Crucial for Increasing Trust in Media

Ljubljana: South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM) (2021), 30 pp.
"From August 2020 until August this summer, we recorded almost 800 cases of digital rights violations in eight countries of south-eastern Europe: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Hungary, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania and Serbia. Violations took place not just on TikTok, but also on F ... more

Online Extremism in North Macedonia: Politics, Ethnicities and Religion

London: Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) (2021), 32 pp.
"The agenda for transition after the demise of communism in the Western Balkans made the conversion of state radio and television into public service broadcasters a priority, converting mouthpieces of the regime into public forums in which various interests and standpoints could be shared and delibe ... more

Demand for Deceit: How the Way We Think Drives Disinformation

Washington, DC: National Endowment for Democracy (NED) (2020), 38 pp.
"Just because the effectiveness of disinformation may be tied to innate aspects of human psychology does not mean that democratic societies are powerless to respond. Rather, civil society, journalists, and other stakeholders invested in the freedom and openness of the global information space should ... more

Gender and the Media in the Western Balkans

Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies (IDS) (2020), 42 pp.
"This rapid literature review explores the role that media in the Western Balkans plays in issues of gender (in)equality. The countries discussed are Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), Croatia, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia [...] While there is a body of literature that discusses a ... more
"Disinformation is an endemic and ubiquitous part of politics throughout the Western Balkans, without exception. A mapping of the disinformation and counter-dis in for mation landscapes in the region in the period from 2018 through 2020 reveals three key disinformation challenges: external challenge ... more
"Independent media outlets in the Western Balkans are facing major challenges to their financial sustainability. With the exception of some of the largest broadcasters with national coverage and the most visited online media, the majority of media outlets across the region are not sustainable busine ... more

A Lockdown for Independent Media? Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Media Landscape and Press Freedom in Central and Southeast Europe

Budapest: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES);N-ost Netzwerk für Osteuropa-Berichterstattung (2020), 37 pp.
"Correspondents in nine countries – Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, and North Macedonia – have analysed how the pandemic has affected to their work environment. Lockdowns have caused print media sales and advertising revenue to collapse. Media w ... more
"The 2019 Europe and Eurasia Media Sustainability Index (MSI) saw another improvement in the combined average score for the 21 countries studied: In 2018, the combined average score was 1.84, and in 2019 this increased to 1.86. In comparison with the previous year’s study, there were modest gains ... more

Médiations et migrations

Paris: L'Harmattan (2019), 308 pp.
"In the western Balkans, where post-war societies are still trying to rebuild their lives, and tensions lie just below the surface, media messages influenced by the politics of the day are destabilizing. For some, this is poorly disguised propaganda, a kind of political “spin”, “spun” by man ... more

A Pillar of Democracy on Shaky Ground: Public Service Media in South East Europe

Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS);Media Programme South East Europe (2019), vi, 236 pp.
"This book gives an overview of public service media in South East Europe; referring to the ten countries, which the Media Programme of the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung covers. From Croatia to North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the Republic of Moldova, liberalised media markets have emerged following the c ... more

The Feasibility of a Public Service Orientation in the Western Balkans: Complications for a ‘networked Society’ in an Illiberal Context

In: Public Service Media in the Networked Society
Gregory Ferrell Lowe; Hilde van den Bulck; Karen Donders (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2018), pp. 125-141
"This chapter analyses contextual factors that are common to the seven countries of this region that affect developing a genuine public service orientation in media policies and performance. By better understanding historical legacies, inadequate technological development and late entry into digital ... more

Media Policy for Small Emerging Democracies: Distinctiveness, Vulnerabilities, and Development

Nanyang Technological University, Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Doctoral Thesis (2018), xiv, 239 pp.
"Media in small emerging democracies face multiple obstacles caused by “smallness” and the state of “late democratization.” “Smallness” raises the question of how to develop financial independence in these countries. “Late democratization” gives rise to the challenge of maintaining p ... more
"This books draws a comparative balance of twenty years' international media assistance in the five countries of the Western Balkans. The central question was what happens to imported models when they are transposed onto the newly evolving media systems of transitional societies. Albania, Bosnia-Her ... more
"Macedonia and Montenegro saw the largest overall score increases this year, in comparison to 2017. The improvement across all objectives this year for Macedonia’s media sector can be attributed to political changes that prioritize media in democratic reforms. Although Montenegro’s score improve ... more

Defamation and Insult Laws in the OSCE Region: A Comparative Study

Barbara Trionfi (ed.)
Vienna: OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media (2017), 267 pp.
"This study examines the existence of criminal defamation and insult laws in the territory of the 57 participating States of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). In doing so, it offers a broad, comparative overview of the compliance of OSCE participating States’ legislat ... more

Republic of Macedonia: Media Freedom in Turbulent Times. Report on the April 2017 Joint International Mission

Leipzig: European Centre for Press and Media Freedom (ECPMF);South East Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO);European Federation of Journalists (EFJ) (2017), 27 pp.
"This report indicates that through complex set of mechanism the previous government, as well as authorities, gave their best to fully control the media sphere with the final aim to advance and prolong their reign. These tendencies can be observed through analysing the onground work and comparing it ... more