Safety of Journalists CFOM Sheffield

The Centre for Freedom of the Media (CFOM) at the University of Sheffield (UK) is an interdisciplinary research centre with global outreach on issues of media freedom, journalism safety, editorial standards and impunity. During the 2022 Academic Consultation on the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity, CFOM conducted a literature stocktake to scope out academic literature published in the area of media freedom, journalism safety and impunity. CFOM collated this information and produced a literature database organised by themes or countries for accessibility. The collection is especially strong on country- and region-specific safety issues and on surveys of emotional wellbeing of journalists. This special collection is curated by gemma.horton@sheffield.ac.uk.

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Media at War: The Iraq Crisis

Howard Tumber, Jerry Palmer

London: Sage (2004), 188 pp.

"International media coverage of the war in Iraq provoked public scrutiny as well debate amongst journalists themselves. Media at War offers a critical overview of the coverage in the context of other preceding wars, including the first Gulf War, and opens up the debate on the key questions that eme ... more

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The protection of journalists and news media personnel in armed conflict

Alexandre Balguy-Gallois

International Review of the Red Cross, volume 86, issue 853 (2004), pp. 37-67

"The recent war in Iraq is a perfect illustration of the growing risks faced by journalists working in conflict zones. It is therefore important to call renewed attention to the fact that attacks against journalists and media equipment are illegal under international humanitarian law, which protects ... more

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Manual de autoprotección para periodistas en el conflicto colombiano

Fabiola León Posada, Fernando Alonso Rozo (eds.)

Bogotá: Fundación para la Libertad de Prensa (FLIP) (2003), 108 pp.

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On Assignment: A Guide to Reporting in Dangerous Situations

New York: Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) (2003), 65 pp.

"Aimed at reporters in conflict zones and hostile areas, this report provides an overview of security issues and includes information on training courses, protective equipment, and insurance policies. It also offer useful tips on assessing, minimizing and managing risk. This guide should be read not ... more

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Photography, Journalism and Trauma

Barbie Zelizer

In: Journalism After September 11

Barbie Zelizer, Stuart Allan (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2002), 21 pp.

"Not long after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, a memo from the American Press Institute went out to US news editors and reporters, advising them on the “correct” way to utilize photographs in crisis reporting. In part the directive said, “our backs are to ... more

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Freedom as a Value in Arab Media: Perceptions and Attitudes Among Journalists

Amin Hussein

Political Communication, volume 19, issue 5 (2002), pp. 125-135

"This article examines the development of freedom of the press and censorship in Egypt and the Arab world. Further, it discusses patterns of influence on freedom of the press and their impact on Arab journalists. It finds that press freedom in Arab countries and the performance of Arab journalists a ... more

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Practical Guide for Journalists

Paris: Reporters Without Borders; UNESCO (2002), 104 pp.

"This guide is both ambitious and modest. Ambitious because it wants to help journalists working in war situations. Modest because we have no miracle solution to offer. But the suggestions you will find in this guide, based on an all too often ignored common sense, should help many reporters to stee ... more

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Remaking the pen mightier than the sword: An evaluation of the growing need for the international protection of journalists

Dylan Howard

Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law, volume 30 (2002), pp. 505-542

"It is the goal of this note to explore this problem with a particular emphasis on potential methods by which the international community can work to protect the press. In order to better understand this problem as it exists today, this note begins with a historical analysis of the development of in ... more

Preparing for Battle: American news organizations lag behind some of their European counterparts when it comes to providing survival training and drafting safety guidelines for war correspondents. A group of journalists is pushing to narrow the gap

Sherry Ricchiardi

American Journalism Review, volume 24, issue 6 (2002), pp. 39-43

"The notion of survival skills and safety guidelines has been slow to catch on with top media managers in the United States. In Europe, the BBC, ITN and Reuters mandate training for foreign correspondents. It has taken an era of international terrorism to spark a stronger push on the home front." (A ... more

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Danger and Deadlines: Journalists' Rights on the Palestine Peace Agenda

Brussels: International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) (2002), 13 pp. + approx. 40 pp.

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Antipress Violence and the Crisis of the State

Silvio Waisbord

International Journal of Press/Politics, volume 7, issue 3 (2002), pp. 90-109

"Although it is an issue of immediate interest to reporters and press organizations, antipress violence has not elicited a great deal of scholarly attention. While in the context of developed democracies, studies have concluded that violence against the press has significantly diminished in the twen ... more

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‘Enough is Enough’: An ethnography of the struggle against impunity in Burkina Faso

Sten Hagberg

Journal of Modern African Studies, volume 40, issue 2 (2002), pp. 217-246

"This article analyses the ways in which socio-political opposition is expressed by looking into the morally loaded discourse of political legitimacy in Burkina Faso that emerged after the assassination of the journalist Norbert Zongo in December. Through the analysis of different political statemen ... more

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Reporting under fire: The physical safety and emotional welfare of journalists

Howard Tumber

In: Journalism After September 11

Barbie Zelizer, Stuart Allan (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2002), 16 pp.

"The September 11 attack on the twin towers and the subsequent anthrax incidents have created a growing debate and subsequent concern with what is now termed urban war corresponding. A realization is emerging that those correspondents who covered September 11 (who may not be war correspondents) may ... more

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Violence against the Press in Latin America: Protections and Remedies in International Law

Michael Perkins

Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, volume 78, issue 2 (2001), pp. 275-290

"This article identifies a trend in international law addressing the murders of journalists in Latin America. Recent cases by international human-rights tribunals are analyzed for their holdings that murders of journalists violate the free-expression guarantees of the American Convention on Human Ri ... more

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Couvrir la Palestine: L'avenir incertain du journalisme en zone dangereuse. Rapport de mission de la FIJ à Jérusalem et en Cisjordanie, nov. 2001

Aidan White, Olivier Da Lage

Bruxelles: Fédération Internationale des Journalistes (FIJ) (2001), 15 pp.

"Des actions urgentes doivent être menées par la communauté internationale des journalistes pour diminuer l’ampleur de la crise à laquelle les journalistes de la région sont confrontés. La FIJ, en coopération avec d’autres agences non-gouvernementales et intergouvernementales, devrait met ... tre ce qui suit à exécution le plus rapidement possible : 1. Établir un Bureau pour la sécurité fournissant aux journalistes palestiniens du matériel et des possibilités de formation afin de diminuer les dangers auxquels le personnel des médias travaillant dans la région est confronté. 2. Fournir de l’aide humanitaire aux journalistes et au personnel des médias victimes de la violence en leur attribuant des ressources spécifiques en provenance du Fonds international pour la sécurité des journalistes. 3. Protester vigoureusement et mener campagne contre les tentatives de négation du statut professionnel des journalistes palestiniens et contre le retrait de la carte du GPO.Parallèlement, la FIJ doit insuffler une vigueur renouvelée au travail qu’elle accomplit en faveur de ses membres, tant en Israël qu’en Palestine. Les conditions auxquelles les journalistes palestiniens sont confrontés sont particulièrement difficiles et exigent une attention renforcée. La nature du journalisme dans la région a au-delà de la dimension politique de ses débuts. Aujourd’hui, les freelances et le personnel des médias du secteur privé représentent une part importante de la communauté palestinienne des journalistes et il faut faire davantage pour prendre pleinement leurs intérêts en compte. Par conséquent, la FIJ devrait : 4. Renforcer les efforts consentis par le Syndicat palestinien des journalistes pour améliorer son niveau de représentation et son action syndicale effective pour la défense des droits sociaux des journalistes dans les territoires palestiniens. 5. Soutenir des séminaires et des activités visant à encourager la solidarité professionnelle. Ce travail devrait être centré sur l’amélioration des conditions sociales et sur l’augmentation du nombre de membres du Syndicat par le biais, si cela s’avère nécessaire, d’une révision des statuts du Syndicat. 6. Prendre note du projet du Syndicat de créer un centre de journalisme à Ramallah, ouvert aux journalistes locaux et internationaux, et faire ce qui est en son pouvoir pour soutenir cette initiative. 7. Essayer le plus rapidement possible d’obtenir que la Fédération nationale des journalistes israéliens (NFIJ) s’engage à défendre, dans la région, les journalistes victimes de violence ou de violation de la liberté de la presse, quelle que soit leur nationalité [...] (Recommandations) more

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The Independence of the Commonwealth Media and Those Working Within It

Commonwealth Press Union (1999), 52 pp.

"This report aims to examine the current status of the media, particularly the print media, in the member states of the Commonwealth. It will look both at the issues facing individual countries, and also at the many common questions and problems that face member states, at whatever stage of developm ... more

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Impunity no more: Unpunished Crimes Against Journalists

Ricardo Trotti (ed.)

Miami: Inter American Press Association (IAPA); Colonial Press International (1999), 221 pp.

"The document discusses the Inter American Press Association's (IAPA) project on unpunished crimes against journalists. Over the past decade, more than 200 journalists have been murdered for doing their jobs reporting the news. Many of these crimes remain unsolved, allowing impunity to prevail. The ... more

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Dangerous Ground: The Inside Story of Britain's Leading Investigative Journalist

Roger Cook

Harper Collins (1999), 242, [16] pp.

"The hard-hitting autobiography of the renowned, high profile TV investigator. In twenty-five years of investigative reporting Roger Cook has been knocked unconscious a dozen times, hospitalized on almost thirty occasions, and has had twenty-three bones broken by those who have resented his ruthless ... more

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Press Self-Censorship and Political Transition in Hong Kong

Chin-Chuan Lee

International Journal of Press/Politics, volume 3, issue 2 (1998), pp. 55-73

"Hong Kong's handover has induced self-censorship among the press in order to curry favor with and avoid coercive pressure from China. Based on a comprehensive survey, this article shows that many journalists perceive their colleagues as being afraid to criticize China but think of themselves as bei ... more

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Protection of Journalists Under International Humanitarian Law

Amit Mukherjee

Communications and the Law, volume 17 (1995), pp. 27-39

"Journalists' on professional assignments often face hostile actions by political and military authorities, de jure or de facto. Such hostility ranges in severity from censorship, utilization of harsh laws of defamation, restriction or denial of access to sources of information, denial or revocation ... more