Safety of Journalists CFOM Sheffield

The Centre for Freedom of the Media (CFOM) at the University of Sheffield (UK) is an interdisciplinary research centre with global outreach on issues of media freedom, journalism safety, editorial standards and impunity. During the 2022 Academic Consultation on the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity, CFOM conducted a literature stocktake to scope out academic literature published in the area of media freedom, journalism safety and impunity. CFOM collated this information and produced a literature database organised by themes or countries for accessibility. The collection is especially strong on country- and region-specific safety issues and on surveys of emotional wellbeing of journalists. This special collection is curated by gemma.horton@sheffield.ac.uk.

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The international protection of journalists in armed conflict and other violent situations

Ben Saul

Australian Journal of Human Rights, volume 14, issue 1 (2008), pp. 99-140

"Media reporting of armed conflict and other situations of heightened violence has become increasingly perilous, with large numbers of journalists and other media personnel killed or deliberately targeted because of their professional work, including by government forces and non-government actors. T ... more

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Journalism in Central Asia: A Victim of Politics, Economics, and Widespread Self-censorship

Timothy Kenny, Peter Gross

International Journal of Press/Politics, volume 13, issue 4 (2008), pp. 515-525

"Significant efforts to develop an independent journalism have stumbled badly in Central Asia, where politics, economics and the unforeseen consequence of widespread self-censorship have derailed development of a Western-style media and the democracy it serves. What is worse, from Kazakhstan to Uzbe ... more

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Guidelines of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on Protecting Freedom of Expression and Information in Times of Crisis

Strasbourg: Council of Europe (2007), 4 pp.

"[...] 1. As used in these guidelines, the term “crisis” includes, but is not limited to, wars, terrorist attacks, natural and man-made disasters, i.e. situations in which freedom of expression and information is threatened (for example, by limiting it for security reasons); the term “media pr ... more

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Occupational Stress and Job Satisfaction in Media Personnel Assigned to the Iraq War

Neil Greenberg, Dominic Murphy Samantha Thomas, Christopher Dandeker

Journalism Practice, volume 1, issue 3 (2007), pp. 356-371

"This paper investigates occupational stressors amongst media personnel assigned to work on covering the Iraq War via interviews with 54 journalists from the BBC and Reuters, who worked in Iraq between February and April 2003. A range of stressors were identified that could be categorized into three ... more

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Killing the Messenger: Report of the Global Inquiry by the International News Safety Institute Into the Protection of Journalists
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Brussels: International News Safety Institute (INSI) (2007), 72 pp.

"One thousand journalists and support staff have died trying to report the news around the world in the past 10 years: an average of two a week. Only one in four news media staff died covering war and other armed conflicts. The great majority died in peacetime, working in their own countries. At lea ... more

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Press Freedom: Safety of Journalists and Impunity

Paris: UNESCO (2007), 87 pp.

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Practice Review: Journalism Safety

Richard Tait

Journalism Practice, volume 1, issue 3 (2007), pp. 435-445

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Out of China, into the light

Dominic Waghorn

British Journalism Review, volume 18, issue 1 (2007), pp. 23-27

"Foreign correspondent Waghorn compares long-term assignments in China and Israel and observes: "Whereas in China the challenge was engaging the viewers' interest in somewhere so unfamiliar and alien, here [Israel] it is keeping them interested in somewhere they find over familiar. Rock-throwing, su ... more

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Covering the Tsunami disaster: Subsequent post-traumatic and depressive symptoms and associated social factors

Anke Weidmann, Lydia Fehm, Thomas Fydrich

Stress and Health, volume 24, issue 2 (2007), pp. 129-135

"Journalists frequently report on disasters. There is a growing evidence that they are subsequently at higher risk of post-traumatic and depressive symptoms. We conducted an internet-based study with 61 journalists who had covered the tsunami disaster in December 2004 from the affected region. The e ... more

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Journalists in War Zones: Crossing from the Newsroom into the Arena

C. A. Waschefort

De Jure, volume 40 (2007), pp. 379-384

"The very real danger in which conflict-journalists find themselves is well illustrated by the fact that during the recent conflict in Iraq proportionally more journalists were killed than members of the coalition forces (BalguyGallois March 2004 International Review of the Red Cross 37). The fact t ... more

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Censorship in Contemporary Russian Journalism in the Age of the War Against Terrorism: A Historical Perspective

Greg Simons, Dmitry Strovsky

European Journal of Communication, volume 21, issue 2 (2006), pp. 189-211

"The Russian mass media system has experienced tremendous change since the Soviet era. It has been argued that some similarities still exist between the old Soviet system and the new post-Soviet media, such as the practice of self-censorship. Pressure has been mounting on the mass media's level of e ... more

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Killing the Messenger: Journalists at Risk in Modern Warfare

N. Herbert Foerstel

Praeger (2006), xv, 161 pp.

"Killing the Messenger reveals the dangerous new face of war and journalism. Covering armed conflicts has always been dangerous business, but in the past, press heroes like Ernie Pyle and Edward R. Murrow faced only the danger of random bullets or bombs. Today’s war correspondent is actually in th ... more

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Journalists under Fire: The Psychological Hazards of Covering War

Anthony Feinstein

Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press (2006), xiv, 195 pp.

"As journalists in Iraq and other hot spots around the world continue to face harrowing dangers and personal threats, neuropsychiatrist Anthony Feinstein offers a timely and important exploration into the psychological damage of those who, armed only with pen, tape recorder, or camera, bear witness ... more

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Newspaper editorial discourse and the politics of self-censorship in Hong Kong

L. F. Francis Lee, M. Y. Angel Lin

Discourse & Society, volume 17, issue 3 (2006), pp. 331-358

"In transitional societies where political pressure on the press is coupled with a commercial media system and a professional journalistic culture, the politics of self-censorship is likely to involve a strategic contest between the media and political actors. Language plays a significant role in th ... more

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The Role of Women Journalists in Conflict Reporting in Sri Lanka

Frances Bulathsinghala

Media Asia, volume 32, issue 1 (2005), pp. 31-33

"There is a huge disparity seen in the representation of men and women in the coverage of the twenty-year-old civil war in Sri Lanka. Most of the media coverage had been facilitated by the military during the period of the conflict. These, however, were not regular and only afforded a one-sided view ... more

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The Safety of Journalists: An Assessment of Perceptions of the Origins and Implementation of Policy at Two International Television News Agencies

Elizabeth Stephanie Venter

Rhodes University, Master Thesis (2005), vi, 135 pp.

"This study examines the perceptions of journalists working for two international television news agencies about this safety policy called the ‘Joint code of practice for journalists working in conflict zones’. This policy was adopted in November 2000 by five major television companies including ... more

Dangerous assignment

Sherry Ricchiardi

American Journalism Review, volume 27, issue 6 (2005), pp. 44-51

"Iraq has proven to be a particularly hazardous posting for journalists. More media workers have been killed there than during the two-decades-long war in Vietnam. And 15 have died at the hands of American forces." (Introduction)

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The Protection of Journalists in Armed Conflicts

Claudio Zanghi

In: The New Challenges of Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts

Pablo Antonio Fernández Sánchez (ed.)

Brill (2005), pp. 145-162

"The problem of the protection of journalists is closely linked to that of freedom of information and was first considered as early as 1893/94. In 1927 a conference of press experts held in Geneva adopted various resolutions for their submission to member states. These resolutions addressed a range ... more

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Embedded journalists in the Iraq war: Are they at greater psychological risk?

Anthony Feinstein, Dawn Nicolson

Journal of Traumatic Stress, volume 18, issue 2 (2005), pp. 129-132

"The current war in Iraq saw an alliance between the media and the military, a process called embedded journalism. The aim of this study was to explore whether this process affected the journalists' vulnerability to psychological distress. Eighty-five of 100 journalists approached agreed to particip ... more

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El estrés informativo

Obra Social de Trabajadores de Prensa de Buenos Aires (ostpba), Unión de Trabajadores de Prensa de Buenos Aires (utpba)

Buenos Aires: Federación Latinoamericana de Periodistas (felap) (2005), 93 pp.

Killing the Messenger: Report of the Global Inquiry by the International News Safety Institute Into the Protection of Journalists Top Insights

Killing the Messenger: Report of the Global Inquiry by the International News Safety Institute Into the Protection of Journalists
Top Insights