Safety of Journalists CFOM Sheffield

The Centre for Freedom of the Media (CFOM) at the University of Sheffield (UK) is an interdisciplinary research centre with global outreach on issues of media freedom, journalism safety, editorial standards and impunity. During the 2022 Academic Consultation on the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity, CFOM conducted a literature stocktake to scope out academic literature published in the area of media freedom, journalism safety and impunity. CFOM collated this information and produced a literature database organised by themes or countries for accessibility. The collection is especially strong on country- and region-specific safety issues and on surveys of emotional wellbeing of journalists. This special collection is curated by gemma.horton@sheffield.ac.uk.

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Protecting Press Freedom in an Environment of Violence and Impunity

Dolia Estévez

University of San Diego, Trans-Border Institute; Woodrow Wilson Center, Mexico Institute (2010), 21 pp.

"This chapter reviews the situation of violence against the press in Mexico and what each of the different actors involved is doing, or not doing, to address a problem that in some Mexican states has reached alarming crisis levels. The essay examines the political willingness and steps taken by the ... more

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WorldCat (17)

Witnessing trauma in the newsroom: Posttraumatic symptoms in television journalists exposed to violent news clips

Anke Weidmann, Jenny Papsdorf

Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, volume 198, issue 4 (2010), pp. 264-271

"Employees working in television newsrooms are exposed to video footage of violent events on a daily basis. It is yet unknown whether they subsequently develop symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder as has been shown for other populations exposed to trauma through television. We conducted an inte ... more

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The Moment is Frozen in Time: Photojournalists’ Metaphors in Describing Trauma Photography

Patrice Keats

Journal of Constructivist Psychology, volume 23, issue 3 (2010), pp. 231-255

"In describing their understanding of trauma, disaster, and conflict photography, photojournalists in this qualitative study conceptualized abstract experiences using specific types of metaphors. Their metaphors focused on concepts such as violence, bewilderment, and health/affliction. The unique as ... more

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Notes on the public sphere on a national and post-national axis: Journalism and freedom of expression in Turkey

Miyase Christensen

Global Media and Communication, volume 6, issue 2 (2010), pp. 177-197

"Since Turkey became a candidate for the European Union in 1999, democratic rights and freedom of expression have been key issues in discourses surrounding EU—Turkey relations. Discussions on these questions often centre on state censorship and legislative constraints. The role of the media themse ... more

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Funding for Freedom of Expression Organizations: Report of a Survey of IFEX Members

Lee B. Becker, Tudor Vlad

Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia, James Cox Center for International Mass Communication Training and Research (2009), 67 pp.

"The vast majority of IFEX members say it is more difficult now than a year ago to find project funding. Half say it is more difficult now than five years ago to find project funding. The dominant source for project funding is foundations outside the country of the member. A majority of IFEX members ... more

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Guidelines for Exiled Journalists

Paris: Reporters Without Borders (2009), 30 pp.

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Freelancers in Mexico: A Survey. Findings and Challenges

Nadine Jurrat, Darío Fritz, Víctor Hugo Hernández

London: Rory Peck Trust (2009), 52 pp.

"Even though Mexico is not at war, it has now become one of the most dangerous countries in the world to be a journalist, and especially a freelancer. Since the Trust first visited Mexico in 2005, 18 newsgatherers have been killed and five have disappeared, four newspaper offices were the targets of ... more

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"Attempts to Influence": Survey of Perceptions of Albanian Journalists

New York: Open Society Institute (2009), 5 pp.

"The following text examines the freedom of the press in Albania from the subjective perspective of journalists. It does not discuss individual cases, or provide statistics on violence against journalists, but it does reveal how journalists felt affected by different political actors and events duri ... more

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The Philippine President as Tortfeasor-in-Chief: Establishing Civil Liability for Constitutional Negligence

Florin Ternal Hilbay

Asian Journal of Comparative Law, volume 4 (2009), pp. 1-54

"This article analyzes the liability of the Philippine President for the tort of constitutional negligence in relation to the murders and forced disappearances of leftists, journalists, and other dissidents. It uses the international law doctrine of command responsibility as a form of attribution th ... more

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The psychological health of contractors working in war zones

Anthony Feinstein, Maggie Botes

Journal of Traumatic Stress, volume 22, issue 2 (2009), pp. 102-105

"This study examines the psychological health of contractors working in war zones. Seventy-nine contractors completed an Internet-based psychiatric assessment. The sample was exclusively male with a mean age of 43 (SD = 7) years. The number of contractors whose scores exceeded the cutoff points for ... more

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Staying alive in the killing fields

Nick Pollard

British Journalism Review, volume 20, issue 1 (2009), pp. 27-32

"Reporting on wars has always been a risky business for journalists. But news organisations have transformed their approach to safety in recent years by ensuring that all their staff sent to the front line have as much training as possible to minimise their chances of becoming victims of the conflic ... more

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Addressing the Effects of Assignment Stress Injury

Marla Buchanan, Patrice Keats

Journalism Practice, volume 3, issue 2 (2009), pp. 162-177

"The purpose of this article is to present the results of a qualitative study on assignment stress injury within journalism. Thirty-one Canadian journalists and photojournalists participated in the research study. The focus of this article is on recommendations offered by our participants to address ... more

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Don't shoot the messenger: Prospects for protecting journalists in conflict situations

M. Joanne Lisosky, Jennifer Henrichsen

Media, War & Conflict, volume 2, issue 2 (2009), pp. 129-148

"One of the greatest threats to freedom of expression around the world is the violence committed against journalists practicing their profession in conflict situations. During the last 20 years, an alarming number of journalists have been targeted or killed when reporting about war. This situation h ... more

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Twenty-First Century Embedded Journalists: Lawful Targets?

W. Douglas Moore

Army Lawyer, issue July (2009), 32 pp.

"In light of the U.S. functionality test to Article 51(3), the role and use of today’s embedded journalist in international armed conflicts poses a direct threat to their civilian protections under Article 79 of Protocol I. Despite the fact that embedded journalism has helped to facilitate better ... more

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Under Attack: Practicing Journalism in a Dangerous World

Bill Ristow

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2009), 46 pp.

"This report examines the key issues surrounding threats to the physical safety of journalists, particularly in countries with hostile media environments. While acknowledging the serious impact of repressive measures such as imprisonment, the focus of the report is sharply on incidents of violence. ... more

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From Danger to Trauma Affective Labor and the Journalistic Discourse of Witnessing

Carrie Rentschler

In: Media Witnessing: Testimony in the Age of Mass Communication

Paul Frosh, Amit Pinchevski (eds.)

Palgrave (2009), pp. 158-181

"According to recent reports on violence committed against journalists, journalism is a dangerous, fear-inspiring job. In the wake of Daniel Pearl’s kidnapping and murder in January 2002 and the less-publicized but equally brutal killings of journalists in Bangladesh, the Philippines, the wars in ... more

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Journalists: Shielded from the dangers of war in their pursuit of the truth?

Shannon Bosch

South African Yearbook of International Law, volume 34, issue 1 (2009), pp. 70-100

"This piece seeks to unpack these questions by exploring the current protection afforded journalists under both general international law and IHL (Part I); the IHL status of journalists (both those embedded in the military and those reporting as freelance / independent journalists) (Part II); target ... more

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Gaza Media Safety

Copenhagen: International Media Support (IMS) (2009), 14 pp.

"Lack of safety and basic protection for media workers in Gaza – and in particular for journalists and photographers working freelance – has been identified as the most crucial and imminent issue in the weeks following the military offensive by Israel against Hamas in the Gaza Strip on 27 Decemb ... more

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Journalists, war crimes and international justice

Howard Tumber

Media, War & Conflict, volume 1, issue 3 (2008), pp. 261-269

"The examination of the ethical and moral issues surrounding the reporting of war crimes signals one of the outstanding problems facing journalism in the contemporary era. As the nature of war has changed, so has the nature of the journalism mandated to cover it, and the selection of war crimes tria ... more

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The protection of journalists in armed conflicts

Robin Geiss

German Yearbook of International Law, volume 51 (2008), pp. 289-320

"The first casualty of war is truth. Disinformation and tactical ruses of war have constituted essential components of warfare throughout history. Over time, influencing public opinion - and consequentially securing the prime position to exert such influence - has become ever more significant. In mo ... more