Safety of Journalists CFOM Sheffield

The Centre for Freedom of the Media (CFOM) at the University of Sheffield (UK) is an interdisciplinary research centre with global outreach on issues of media freedom, journalism safety, editorial standards and impunity. During the 2022 Academic Consultation on the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity, CFOM conducted a literature stocktake to scope out academic literature published in the area of media freedom, journalism safety and impunity. CFOM collated this information and produced a literature database organised by themes or countries for accessibility. The collection is especially strong on country- and region-specific safety issues and on surveys of emotional wellbeing of journalists. This special collection is curated by gemma.horton@sheffield.ac.uk.

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Journalist Security Guide: Covering the News in a Dangerous and Changing World

Frank Smyth

Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) (2013), 70 pp.

"This guide details what journalists need to know in a new and changing world. It is aimed at local and international journalists of varied levels of experience. The guide outlines basic preparedness for new journalists taking on their first assignments around the world, offers refresher information ... more

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Safety and Protection of Kenyan Journalists: Is it Common Sense or Common Cents?

John Gachie

Kenya Media Programme; Hivos (2013), 48 pp.

"This national baseline survey sets out to achieve two main objectives. First, it seeks to shed more light on and generate awareness of safety and protection issues for journalists within the profession and the public. Secondly, it seeks to provide a knowledge-based platform with which to lay future ... more

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The principles which can be drawn from the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights relating to the protection and safety of journalists and journalism

Philip Leach

Belgrade: Council of Europe Conference of Ministers Responsible for Media and Information Society Freedom of Expression and Democracy in the Digital Age (2013), 27 pp.

"I have been asked by the Council of Europe Steering Committee on Media and Information Society (CDMSI) for a paper setting out the principles that can be drawn from the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (“the Court”) relating to the protection and safety of journalists and journali ... more

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How to address current threats to journalism? The role of the Council of Europe in protecting journalists and other media actors

Tarlach McGonagle

Belgrade: Council of Europe Conference of Ministers Responsible for Media and Information Society (2013), 35 pp.

"Legal and political responses to the above issues will feature centrally in this paper. More specifically, the paper will consider the role of Council of Europe as a regional body in the concerted international efforts to enhance the protection of journalists and other media actors, in particular t ... more

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Legal avenues for ending impunity for the death of journalists in conflict zones: Current and proposed international agreements

Kayt Davies, Emily Crawford

International Journal of Communication, volume 7 (2013), pp. 2157-2177

"Every bullet that kills a journalist in a warzone adds passion and urgency to calls for “something” to be done to better protect frontline media workers. International humanitarian law (the body of law that includes the Geneva Conventions) offers some avenues for legal redress, but problems wit ... more

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Safety and journalism

Erick Fernández Saldaña

In: Model Curricula for Journalism Education: A Compendium of New Syllabi

Fackson Banda (ed.)

Paris: UNESCO (2013), pp. 195-207

"This course aims to analyse the context in which journalists and communicators are working at local, national, regional and international level, and to help them to identify potential risks, to learn safe protocols and to know about those institutions and procedures that can help them." (Abstract)

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The Protection of Journalists in Armed Conflicts: How Can They Be Better Safeguarded?

Isabell Düsterhöft

International and European Law, volume 29, issue 76 (2013), pp. 4-22

"The years 2011 and 2012 were among the most deadly for journalists reporting from conflict situations worldwide. The numbers of assaults, arrests and attacks have been on a constant rise and portray a dramatic image of the journalistic profession. In light of the increasing threats in armed conflic ... more

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Journalists' Security in War Zones: Lessons from Syria

Shane Farrell

Beirut: Samir Kassir Foundation (2013), 30 pp.

"Stories of journalists entering conflict zones without basic equipment or first aid training are all too familiar; so too are reports of news outlets washing their hands of responsibility regarding commissioned freelancers. This needs to change, and it can, so long as enough voices in the industry ... more

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Protecting the Right to Life of Journalists: The Need for a Higher Level of Engagement

Christof Heyns, Sharath Srinivasan

Human Rights Quarterly, volume 35, issue 2 (2013), pp. 304-332

"Journalists play a central role in fostering a society based on the open discussion of facts and the pursuit of the truth, as opposed to one based on rumor, prejudice, and the naked exercise of power. As a result, journalists are often literally in the line of fire and deserve special protection. T ... more

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Journalists as a Protected Category: A New Status for the Media in International Humanitarian Law

Elizabeth Levin

UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs, volume 17 (2013), pp. 215-250

"The nature of modern warfare has vastly changed the role of journalists in conflict and, therefore, the reliability of the protections afforded to them. Countries such as the United States have interpreted international humanitarian law in such a way that leaves journalists vulnerable to targeting ... more

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Investigative Reporting at Risk: The Heroes and the Horrors behind Attacks on Journalists in Mexico

Lise Olsen

In: Reporting at the Southern Borders

Giovanna Dell'Orto, Vicki L. Birchfield (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2013), 20 pp.

"Nearly 200 investigative journalists converged from all corners of the US-Mexico border at the salmon-colored Hotel Lucerna in Ciudad Juárez to discuss their targets: corrupt politicians, contaminators, criminals, rogues and wrong-doers of all stripes. The gathering came in late 1997-a high point ... more

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Censorship by Bullet

William Horsley, Jackie Harrison

British Journalism Review, volume 24, issue 1 (2013), pp. 39-46

"It's time to confront the tide of violence used by governments against journalists, argue two fighters for media freedom." (Abstract)

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Killing Me Softly with His Words: Censorship and Self-Censorship from the Perspective of Turkish Journalists

Esra Arsan

Turkish Studies, volume 14, issue 3 (2013), pp. 447-462

"Turkey is a country where democratization process has been repeatedly interrupted by military interventions in the past 50 years. Censorship and self-censorship have become ordinary practices in the media, mainly due to weak parliamentary representations followed by oppressive coup periods. Yet eve ... more

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Journalism in Afghanistan: Current and Post-2014 Threats and Journalist Safety Mechanisms

Copenhagen: International Media Support (IMS) (2013), 28 pp.

"This report seeks to provide an immediate overview of the current insecure media environment in which Afghan journalists work and the threat scenario potentially facing them after the 2014 withdrawal of international troops. The aim of the report is to provide input into local and international dis ... more

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In Their Own Voice: Technologically mediated empowerment and transformation among young Arab women

Courtney C. Radsch, Sahar Khamis

Feminist Media Studies, volume 13, issue 5 (2013), pp. 881-890

"This feminist, qualitative study sheds light on how young Arab women used cyberactivism to participate in the wave of political and social transformations widely known as the Arab Spring. It argues that these activists leveraged social media to enact new forms of leadership, agency, and empowerment ... more

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Gendering the "Arab Spring:" Arab Women Journalists/Activists, "Cyberfeminism," and the Socio-Political Revolution

Sahar Khamis

In: The Routledge Companion to Media & Gender

Cynthia Carter, Linda Steiner, Lisa McLaughlin (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2013), 11 pp.

"Any observer of the so-called Arab Spring, the massive wave of political revolt that has been sweeping the Arab region since 2011, could not help but notice the visible role that women have been playing in it. Hundreds of thousands of Arab women throughout the region, including in some of the most ... more

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Online citizen journalism and political transformation in the Tunisian and Egyptian revolutions: A critical analysis

Sahar Khamis, Katherine Vaughn

In: Online Journalism in Africa

Hayes Mawindi Mabweazara, Okoth Fred Mudhai, Jason Whittaker (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2013), 16 pp.

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Journalists’ Safety Indicators: National Level. Based on the UNESCO’s Media Development Indicators

Paris: UNESCO (2013), 34 pp.

External Link (19)

Manual de autoprotección para periodistas

Bogotá: Fundación para la Libertad de Prensa (FLIP), 2nd ed. (2013), 79 pp.

External Link (18)

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Mexican journalists and journalists covering war: A comparison of psychological wellbeing

Anthony Feinstein

Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, volume 5, issue 2 (2013), pp. 77-85

"Purpose: War journalists confront many dangers, leaving them at risk for mental health problems. They are, however, able to take breaks from the hazards of frontline work by periodically leaving conflict zones for the safety of home. This respite is not afforded local journalists who cover conflict ... more