Safety of Journalists CFOM Sheffield

The Centre for Freedom of the Media (CFOM) at the University of Sheffield (UK) is an interdisciplinary research centre with global outreach on issues of media freedom, journalism safety, editorial standards and impunity. During the 2022 Academic Consultation on the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity, CFOM conducted a literature stocktake to scope out academic literature published in the area of media freedom, journalism safety and impunity. CFOM collated this information and produced a literature database organised by themes or countries for accessibility. The collection is especially strong on country- and region-specific safety issues and on surveys of emotional wellbeing of journalists. This special collection is curated by gemma.horton@sheffield.ac.uk.

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No Justice for Journalists in Ukraine, Belarus and Russia: Impunity and Killings of Journalists Go Hand in Hand

London; Copenhagen: Article 19; International Media Support (IMS) (2011), 41 pp.

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Press in Stress: Media Under Threat in Balochistan

Aurangzaib Khan

Islamabad: Intermedia (2011), 20 pp.

"All journalists in Balochistan should undergo conflict sensitive journalism (CSJ) trainings. All journalists should undergo media law clinics to be educated on rights and responsibilities. A Safety Fund for Balochistan should be set up to provide resources on safety and security and address their l ... more

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Manual de mecanismos de protección para periodistas y comunicadores (as)

Guatemala: Comisión Presidencial Coordinadora de la Política del Ejecutivo en Materia de Derechos Humanos (COPREDEH); CERIGUA (2011), 101 pp.

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The Initiative on Impunity and the Rule of Law

William Horsley

London: Working Conference “Safety and Protection of Journalists: A Responsibility for the World” (2011), 28 pp.

"The Initiative on Impunity and the Rule of Law is a global project of the Centre for Freedom of the Media (CFOM) at the University of Sheffield and the Centre for Law, Justice and Journalism (CLJJ) at City University, London. Our aims are to provide an independent platform to assess the effectivene ... more

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Opening Remarks to the Sessions of the UNESCO International Symposium on Freedom of Expression, 26 January, 2011

Helge Rønning

Nordicom Review, volume 33, issue 3 (2011), pp. 111-113

"On 26 January 2011, UNESCO hosted the second International Symposium on Freedom of Expression at its Paris headquarters. The Swedish National Commission for UNESCO sponsored the conference. The symposium brought together individuals and organisations linked to the field of journalism and sparked no ... more

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Media Policy Paradigm Shift in Turkey: Rethinking Neo-Authoritarian Media Systems in the Age of Neo Liberalism

Serhat Ahmet Kaymas

Acta Universitatis Danubius. Communicatio, volume 5, issue 1 (2011), pp. 40-69

"This article has aimed to open a discussion on the rethinking a neo authoritarian media system in the age of neo liberalism as a case of Turkey’s media experiences. In this context, this study deals with the media policy paradigm shift in the Republic of Turkey since 1980s. According to a recent ... report of the European Journalism Centre (2010:4); although in the wake of a recent democratization wave in the country, there have been some positive elements in the media such as sporadic emergence of some critical perspectives even in some notoriously biased media outlets, which may change this bleak picture, the structural factors which shape the media practices (ownership concentration, working conditions of the journalist, etc) are too rigid and therefore it is too early to become optimistic. In this context, some aspects of these democratization processes are taken from the candidacy of European Union. Despite these positive developments in the doorstep of the European Union, Turkey’s media experience is heavily based on ownership structure and journalistic routines are far away from the democratic media system. Therefore, Turkey’s media experiences are characterised as a sample of neo authoritarian media system with ongoing media policy transformations, for instance privatization of media companies as much as possible, breaking monopolies and the fundamental change of the public broadcasting service is in the context of media policy. This observable change depends on the two overlapping development in Turkey’s democracy. On the one hand, the landscape of national media spaces has been affected by the political and economical conditions; especially after the two financial crashes (in 2000 and 2001) Turkey’s media has followed a re-structure by means of ownership and control. On the other hand, Turkey’s media experiences have been affected by governmental changes. Before the economic crises Turkey’s democracy was governed by a coalition and after the economic crises Turkey’s government changed by the national elections in 2002. Thus this article seeks to answer two interrelated questions: Where does press freedom stand in Turkey decades after the Justice and Development Party’s policies began? And what does Turkey’s media transformation tell us about our understanding of mass political media systems? In this study by using comparative analysis, and incorporating political science literature that offers typologies of non democratic systems of governance, this article demonstrates that contemporary Turkey’s media find much in common with authoritarian regimes across the world and are not sui generis as some have argued." (Abstract) more

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Cyberactivism in the Egyptian Revolution: How Civic Engagement and Citizen Journalism Tilted the Balance

Sahar Khamis, Katherine Vaughn

Arab Media & Society, issue 13 (2011), 37 pp.

"The Egyptian revolution was characterized by the instrumental use of social media, especially Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and text messaging by protesters, to bring about political change and democratic transformation. This article focuses on how these new types of media acted as effective tools fo ... more

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Trauma Journalism: On Deadline in Harm's Way

Mark H. Massé

New York; London: Continuum (2011), ix, 229 pp.

"The role of journalists in covering trauma and tragedy isn’t new. Witnessing acts of violence, destruction and terror has long been the professional responsibility of countless print and broadcast reporters and photographers. But what is new is a growing awareness of the emotional consequences of ... more

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Coping with traumatic stress in journalism: A critical ethnographic study

Marla Buchanan, Patrice Keats

International Journal of Psychology, volume 46, issue 2 (2011), pp. 127-135

"Journalists who witness trauma and disaster events are at risk for physical, emotional, and psychological injury. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a critical ethnographic study among 31 Canadian journalists and photojournalists with regard to coping strategies used to buffer t ... more

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Murdering with impunity: The rise in terror tactics against news reporters

Frank Smyth

Harvard International Review, volume 32, issue 3 (2010), pp. 41-45

"More journalists were killed last year than ever before. No doubt the world has become a more dangerous place for journalists, but not necessarily in ways that people might expect. The risks to foreign journalists, especially for (but hardly limited to) Western correspondents, have risen dramatical ... more

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The effects of exposure to crisis on well-being of journalists: A study of crisis-related factors predicting psychological health in a sample of Finnish journalists

Klas Backholm, Kaj Björkqvist

Media, War & Conflict, volume 3, issue 2 (2010), pp. 138–151

"Effects of work-related and personal exposure to potentially traumatic events on PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder), depression, compassion fatigue and burnout were examined in 503 Finnish news journalists (238 men, 265 women) by using a web-based survey. Stepwise linear multiple regression analy ... more

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The Media and International Humanitarian Law: Legal Protections for Journalists

Sophie Kagan, Helen Durham

Pacific Journalism Review, volume 16, issue 1 (2010), pp. 96-112

"Journalists and other media personnel perform a crucial role in armed conflicts. In the absence of functioning civil society, which, in peacetime can survey the behaviour of governments and other parties, and report on breaches of law, journalists are often the only parties on the ground able to do ... more

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Responsible Media: Learning to Survive the World's Difficult, Remote and Hostile Environments

Shaun Filer

Pacific Journalism Review, volume 16, issue 1 (2010), pp. 125-132

"What should be considered 'adequate' preparation and support for journalists and media workers in difficult, remote and hostile environments? One would assume there would be numerous sources of feedback and contributions measuring the suitability of the training, as well as providing information re ... more

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Libel Tourism: Silencing the Press Through Transnational Legal Threats

Drew Sullivan

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2010), 41 pp.

"This report by Drew Sullivan, a journalist, editor, and media development specialist, explains how lawsuits can force media organizations to censor themselves or limit the distribution of their news content, restricting freedom of expression and thus threatening one of the foundations of democracy. ... more

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The culture of impunity: What journalists need to know about international humanitarian law

Roderic Alley

Pacific Journalism Review, volume 16, issue 1 (2010), pp. 78-95

"Whether they are nationals reporting wars occurring within their countries or international news media staff, journalists are facing growing dangers when covering conflict events. As civilians, they are protected to some extent by international humanitarian law (IHL). But what are these rules and h ... more

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Justifying Self-Censorship: A Perspective from Ethiopia

Terje S. Skjerdal

Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture, volume 7, issue 2 (2010), pp. 98-121

"This study investigates self-Censorship practices in Ethiopian state media institutions. Through indepth interviews with 61 journalists, the study discloses extensive use of self-Censorship on the part of journalists who try to conform to the expected reporting style of the state media. The journal ... more

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Politicians and the News Media: How Elite Attacks Influence Perceptions of Media Bias

Glen R. Smith

International Journal of Press/Politics, volume 15, issue 3 (2010), pp. 319-43

"When political elites receive unfavorable news coverage, a common strategy is to attack the source. Past research suggests that attacks on the news media increase perceptions of media bias, but it remains unclear how this occurs. Using two experiments, the author examines how attacks on the news me ... more

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Safeguarding Speech: A Shield for Journalists under Threat

Jean-François Julliard

Harvard International Review, volume 32, issue 3 (2010), pp. 46-49

"Reporters Without Borders monitors abuse of journalists and freedom of the press around the world-a job increasing in difficulty. Since its creation in 1985, Reporters Without Borders (RWB) has become one of the largest international NGOs dedicated to defending press freedom and advocating for the ... more

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Forces of Gatekeeping and Journalists' Perceptions of Physical Danger in Post-Saddam Hussein's Iraq

Hun Shik Kim

Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, volume 87, issue 3-4 (2010), pp. 484-500

"Iraqi journalists operate in one of the deadliest newsgathering environments in the world. This study, based on a survey of 404 Iraqi journalists, examines the variables influencing journalists' perceptions of physical danger in covering news after the fall of Saddam Hussein. Gatekeeping theory pro ... more

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The mutual perception between deputies and Spanish parliamentary journalists and its influence in political and media agendas

María Rosa Berganza, Arjen Van Dalen, María Ángeles Chaparro

Revista de Comunicación, volume 9 (2010), pp. 7-25

"This paper examines the relationship between parliamentary journalists and Spanish Members of Parliament. The study, based on surveys, is part of a European research in which Germany, Denmark and the United Kingdom have also participated. Among the key conclusions, it highlights the remarkable powe ... more