Safety of Journalists CFOM Sheffield

From MoFA to the Iraqi delegation at UNESCO

Dhea Subhee

UNESCO (2020), 22 pp.

"The report of last 12 months regarding journalists safety. We received from Ministry of Justice (MoJ), the fourth report to fight Impunity for the last 12 months which is made by the Iraqi national Committee of Safety of Journalists and issue of Impunity, as responding to the UNESCO’s request upo ... more

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Overall Programme Information

Rosario Soraide

Paris: UNESCO (2020), ?? pp.

"This report assesses progress towards the achievement of the above-mentioned outcomes during the period of 1 January to 31 December 2018, the de-facto year of operation of the inception phase for the MDPFoE. Initial contributions were provided by Austria, Canada, Norway and Switzerland. On the seco ... more

Threats to Media Freedom and the Safety of Journalists in Nigeria

Umaru A. Pate, Sharafa Dauda

In: Handbook of Research on Combating Threats to Media Freedom and Journalist Safety

Sadia Jamil (ed.)

Hershey, PA: IGI Global (2020), pp. 241-256

"This chapter interrogates long-established and wide-sprung threats to media freedom and journalists' safety in Nigeria. The study used semi-structured interviews to explore field and newsroom experiences. The findings revealed the types of threats to media freedom and journalists' safety, non-exist ... more

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Safety and Security of Journalists in India: Need for Comprehensive Protective Regulations

Mausumi Bhattacharyya

In: Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism

Sadia Jamil; Baris Çoban; Bora Ataman; Gifty Appiah-Adjei (eds.)

Hershey, PA: IGI Global (2020), pp. 119-142

"Globally, upholders of the fourth pillar of democracy have been consistently exposed to security issues and gender discrimination. Many journalists and media professionals are having to pay with their lives in trying to get information. In spite of nations having constitutionally accepted accordanc ... more

Security should be there by default: Investigating how journalists perceive and respond to risks from the Internet of Things

Anjuli R. K. Shere, Jason R. C. Nurse, Ivan Flechais

In: 2020 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops (EuroS&PW)

IEEE (2020), pp. 240-249

"Journalists have long been the targets of both physical and cyber-attacks from well-resourced adversaries. Internet of Things (IoT) devices are arguably a new avenue of threat towards journalists through both targeted and generalised cyber-physical exploitation. This study comprises three parts: Fi ... more

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Vibrant and safe media landscape in Ghana: Reality or mirage?

Africanus Lewil Diedong

Journal of African Media Studies, volume 10, issue 2 (2020), pp. 92-120

"Despite widespread condemnation of assaults on journalists in Ghana and elsewhere in the past, there is increasing evidence of brutality against journalists. When perpetrators of such assaults go unpunished, it fosters a culture of impunity. The article throws searchlight on incidences of assaults ... more

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Threats To Journalism Profession: Negotiations For Efficiency And Safe Practice

Ekene Godfrey Okafor, Ogochukwu Nneka Onyenekwe

Journal of Communication and Media Studies, volume 1, issue 2 (2020), pp. 1-12

"Despite a plethora of threats such as funding, violence, ownership etc., challenging Journalism profession; amateurs who engage in the practice, seem to continually pose more threats. Amateurs arguably exacerbate the spread of fake and misleading information, disinformation, misinterpretation of is ... more

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Making Sense of Journalists' Safety and Media Freedom in Egypt Between Different Types of Threats and the Ruling Legislative Context: Multi-Analytical study

Nermeen Nabil Alazrak

In: Handbook of Research on Combating Threats to Media Freedom and Journalist Safety

Sadia Jamil (ed.)

Hershey, PA: IGI Global (2020), pp. 172-185

"This study seeks to investigate different types of threats which affect the journalists' safety in Egypt and how do they manage their work in the presence of the diverse threats. The study analyzes the Egyptian legislative framework in order to explain whether it protects media freedom and journali ... more

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Could Combat Stress Affect Journalists’ News Reporting? A Psychophysiological Response

José Francisco Tornero-Aguilera, José Juan Robles-Pérez, Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez

Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, volume 45, issue 4 (2020), pp. 231-239

"Covering war conflicts may compromise the psychological and physical health of journalists because chronic exposure to these environments has been related to depression, memory dissociative processes, and post-traumatic stress disorder; however, acute effects have not been studied yet. Thus, a comb ... more

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The Pitfalls and Perils of Being a Digital Journalist in Venezuela

Mariateresa Garrido

In: Handbook of Research on Combating Threats to Media Freedom and Journalist Safety

Sadia Jamil (ed.)

Hershey, PA: IGI Global (2020), pp. 319-337

"To be a journalist in Venezuela is very dangerous. In the past decade, there has been an increase of attacks against media and their personnel. On the one hand, attacks against journalists include harassment (physical, digital, legal), illegal detentions, kidnapping, and assassination. On the other ... more

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Risks to journalists’ safety and the vulnerability of media freedom in the U.S.

Sadia Jamil, Glenn W. Muschert

In: Agenda for Social Justice 2020: Solutions for 2020

Glenn W. Muschert; Kristen M. Budd; Robert Perrucci (eds.)

Bristol: Bristol University Press (2020), pp. 135-142

"Media freedom is primarily the freedom of diverse forms of media and sources of communication. Traditionally, freedom of the press is conceptualized as the freedom to publish; however, the notion of media freedom is much broader as it encompasses the freedom both to publish and to broadcast, emphas ... izing the idea that media in information societies consist of more than print sources (e.g. newspapers and magazines) and incorporates electronic sources of communication as well, such as radio, television, and the Internet. Hence, freedom of the media is indispensable for democratic societies given that the media are an outlet for public discussion and opinion and basically operate to seek the truth, educate the public, and serve as a watchdog over government. Threats to journalists and attacks on media freedom undermine the proper functioning of the United States as a democratic society, as the ability of journalists to investigate and report on controversial topics becomes threatened by the government and pressure groups such as criminal gangs, terrorists, and corporate giants. In the U.S., as elsewhere, freedom of expression is a fundamental human right, and a precondition for many other democratic rights. According to the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution: Restrictions on freedom of expression can be direct (such as stringent laws) and in direct (such as censorship pressure from the government and military), and vary relative to social contexts. In democratic systems, media organizations and journalists have been the lifeline of freedom of expression and public accountability. The existence of free and pluralistic media is indispensable to democratic governance, and media freedom is vital to the practice of journalism. Media professionals and journalists need the freedom to perform their jobs without undue constraints. Journalists report on issues of public interest, including government policies, and have a key role to play in democracies by revealing truth and disseminating information indispensable to sustainable knowledge societies. Threats and violence against journalists and media professionals can stop the public from exercising their fundamental right to seek, receive, and impart information." (Abstract) more

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Journalistic Coverage of Organized Crime in Mexico: Reporting on the Facts, Security Protocols, and Recurrent Subthemes

Elba Díaz-Cerveró, Daniel Barredo Ibáñez

International Journal of Communication, volume 14 (2020), pp. 2500-2518

"Mexico is among the most violent countries for journalism, with more than 100 journalists killed in the past two decades. Behind these murders, which have largely gone unpunished, are phenomena such as organized crime and corruption, as well as a lack of state presence in some regions. In this stud ... more

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In the crosshairs: The perils of environmental journalism

Eric Freedman

Journal of Human Rights, volume 19, issue 3 (2020), pp. 275-290

"Journalists covering environmental issues around the globe are at heightened risk of murder, arrest, assault, threats, self-exile, lawsuits, and harassment because environmental controversies often involve influential business and economic interests, political power battles, criminal activities, an ... more

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What to Do if You’re the Target of Online Harassment

Viktorya Vilk

Slate;Free Speech Project;Future Tense;Tech, Law, & Security Program at American University Washington College of Law (2020)

"In the middle of a global pandemic, as a wave of anti-racism activism sweeps the nation, conditions are rife for a spike in online hate and harassment. Tens of thousands have taken to the streets to protest police brutality while millions more socially distance at home, anxious and isolated, with e ... more

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What Compels Journalists to Take a Step Back? Contextualizing the Media Laws and Policies of Bangladesh

Janina Islam Abir, Tanbir Farhad Shamim

In: Handbook of Research on Combating Threats to Media Freedom and Journalist Safety

Sadia Jamil (ed.)

Hershey, PA: IGI Global (2020), pp. 38-53

"Reports by international organizations suggest that physical violence and threats against journalists and bloggers continued with impunity in Bangladesh, resulting in the country being ranked as 146 in the World Press Freedom Index 2018. Considering the increasing incidents of violence against jour ... more

Understanding the link between a media and information literate citizenry and the (un)-safety of journalism

Silvia Chocarro, Jackie Harrison, Sara Torsner, Albana Shala

Paper Presented at the Academic Conference on the Safety of Journalists, World Press Freedom Conference 2020 (2020), 17 pp.

"The very basis for journalism to perform its societal role of enabling a well-informed citizenry through the factual reporting of news, grounded in professional standards of accuracy, sincerity and objectivity is that it is undertaken safely. Indeed, the ability of journalism to pursue what we here ... name a “civil role” (Harrison, 2019), which fosters solidarising inclusion among members of society in support of a shared communicative civil life, is conditioned by its inextricable relationship with a well-informed citizenry. Key to this relationship is a media and information literate public that is able, not only to critically evaluate media, but also has the capability to understand the societal value of journalism. This paper therefore argues that strategies to secure journalistic safety must consider how this relationship between journalism and a media and information literate citizenry is prone to attack by divisive anti-civil forces (e.g. from illegitimate state and market intrusion) that produce conditions of civil diminishment and un-safety for journalists (Harrison, 2019 and Torsner, 2019). This paper first develops a theoretical understanding of the link between a media and information literate citizenry and the (un)-safety of journalism. It establishes how journalistic safety is both positively linked to a media and information literate public that functions as a potential bulwark against attacks targeting journalism – forms of civil resistance, and negatively interlinked with a media and information illiterate citizenry that engenders hostility towards journalism. We conclude that strengthening the media and information literacy of society should be considered as a strategy to safeguard a free, independent and safe environment for journalism. Second, the paper uses empirical case studies to illustrate the role of citizens and communities of audiences in protecting journalism through expressions of solidarity that articulate an understanding of the societal value of journalism. Doing so the paper examines how a strong relationship of trust between journalism and communities of audiences, and between journalism and members of society, via media and information literacy, can serve to protect journalism in contexts where independent journalism is restricted and regularly attacked." (Abstract) more

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What Dampen the Indonesian Journalists' Freedom and Safety in the Post-Soeharto New Order?

Gilang Desti Parahita, Nyarwi Ahmad

In: Handbook of Research on Combating Threats to Media Freedom and Journalist Safety

Sadia Jamil (ed.)

Hershey, PA: IGI Global (2020), pp. 83-105

"This study investigates factors that dampens the Indonesian journalists' freedom and safety in the Post-Soeharto's New Order. To address this research objective, relevant journal articles have been scrutinized. And the in-depth interview data have been derived from the interviews of a former member ... more

Worlds of Journalism: Journalistic Cultures Around the Globe
Top Insights

Thomas Hanitzsch, Folker Hanusch, Jyotika Ramaprasad, Arnold S. De Beer (eds.)

New York: Columbia University Press (2019), xi, 434 pp.

"How do journalists around the world view their own function and role in society? Based on a landmark study that has collected data from more than 25,000 journalists in 66 countries between 2012 and 2015, Worlds of Journalism examines the different ways journalists conceive of their responsibilities ... more

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On media censorship, freedom of expression and the risks of journalism in Mexico

Fidel Gonzalez-Quinones, Juan D. Machin-Mastromatteo

Information Development, volume 35, issue 4 (2019), pp. 666-670

"We present a classification of the types of censorship of media to frame the various issues that journalism and freedom of expression face in Mexico, which mainly include the role of the State in preventing or enforcing censorship, the monopoly of a few corporate groups that control most of the mas ... more

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