"Although it is an issue of immediate interest to reporters and press organizations, antipress violence has not elicited a great deal of scholarly attention. While in the context of developed democracies, studies have concluded that violence against the press has significantly diminished in the twen
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tieth century, the situation is markedly different elsewhere. This gap is not surprising considering that the literature on press and democracy has been largely produced in the West and has largely reflected the absence of antipress violence in Western nations. The persistence of attacks against journalists outside the West, however, makes it necessary to put it at the center to analyze the situation of journalistic labor and the prospects for the press in historically weak democracies. This article analyzes antipress violence by focusing on the Latin American case. The argument is that in postauthoritarian situations, the breakdown of the state accounts for why the press, particularly investigative reporters and publications, is the target of violence. Antipress violence reflects the impossibility of the state’s fulfilling its mission to monopolize the legitimate use of violence and the lack of accountability of those responsible for the attacks. Because it is a central arena in the battle for public expression, the press becomes a prominent target when naked violence replaces the rule of law. The fate of the press is intrinsically linked to the fate of the democratic state. There cannot be a democratic press as long as the state does not secure minimal institutional conditions that democracy demands." (Abstract)
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"This article identifies a trend in international law addressing the murders of journalists in Latin America. Recent cases by international human-rights tribunals are analyzed for their holdings that murders of journalists violate the free-expression guarantees of the American Convention on Human Ri
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ghts, the hemisphere's leading human rights treaty. These rulings required governments to investigate attacks on the press in good faith, punish journalists' assailants, indemnify journalists' survivors, and protect journalists working in war zones. This article concludes that this international case law, though developing slowly, offers a new weapon in the fight against vengeful and violent attacks on the press." (Abstract)
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"The document discusses the Inter American Press Association's (IAPA) project on unpunished crimes against journalists. Over the past decade, more than 200 journalists have been murdered for doing their jobs reporting the news. Many of these crimes remain unsolved, allowing impunity to prevail. The
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IAPA's project aims to draw attention to this problem and bring perpetrators to justice in order to discourage future crimes against journalists and protect freedom of the press. The document outlines some of the IAPA's investigations and efforts to engage other international organizations in supporting this cause." (Horacio Ruiz, https://www.slideshare.net)
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"This report aims to examine the current status of the media, particularly the print media, in the member states of the Commonwealth. It will look both at the issues facing individual countries, and also at the many common questions and problems that face member states, at whatever stage of developm
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ent they find themselves." (Abstract)
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"The hard-hitting autobiography of the renowned, high profile TV investigator. In twenty-five years of investigative reporting Roger Cook has been knocked unconscious a dozen times, hospitalized on almost thirty occasions, and has had twenty-three bones broken by those who have resented his ruthless
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persistence – or just objected to the fact that he exists at all. He was born 6 April 1943 in New Zealand. His father – a timid man afraid of attack from Japanese submarines rumoured to have been sighted in Auckland harbour – soon found refuge and a new start for his family in Sydney, Australia. If anything was going to prepare Roger Cook for what he was to become, it was growing up in the Australia of the 1950s – a melting-pot of different nationalities, scarred by the war, and with an unsophisticated and sometimes brutal education system. After school and college he found his broadcasting feet at a Sydney commercial radion station, moving on to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. He then emigrated to Britain to tackle BBC radio, where he prospered at ‘The World At One’. His brainchild, however, was ‘Checkpoint’, which became the most popular programme on Radio 4 after ‘Today’. During its twelve-year run, Cook and his team exposed a breadth of institutional incompetencies, bad law, injustices and naked criminality. The result was a series of awards for good journalism, significant changes in legislation, and the arrest and conviction of countless fraudsters and strong-arm villains. For his pains, Cook earned the sobriquet of ‘The Most Beaten-up Journalist in Britain’. Eventually he transferred the idea to television, where for twelve years ‘The Cook Report’ flourished. Organised crime, drug-smuggling, pornography, animal cruelty, the IRA. Cook has attacked them all in search of justice – and won. Published to coinincide with ‘Cook Report’ TV specials in June, August, October and December, Dangerous Ground is his breathtaking story." (Abstract)
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"Hong Kong's handover has induced self-censorship among the press in order to curry favor with and avoid coercive pressure from China. Based on a comprehensive survey, this article shows that many journalists perceive their colleagues as being afraid to criticize China but think of themselves as bei
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ng more courageous. Journalists from the party press are systematically different from those from the market-oriented press. However, market-driven “information newspapers” are moving toward apoliticization and toward accommodating the new sovereign, thus blurring their differences with market-driven “story newspapers." (Abstract)
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"Journalists' on professional assignments often face hostile actions by political and military authorities, de jure or de facto. Such hostility ranges in severity from censorship, utilization of harsh laws of defamation, restriction or denial of access to sources of information, denial or revocation
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of a work permit or license, denial of entry or exit visa, restriction of movement, and expulsion; to detention, disappearance, attack, torture, and even murder." (Abstract)
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"In identifying the chief types of U.S. anti-press violence, the author discusses four basic patterns: violence among individuals, violence against ideas, violence against groups, and violence against an institution. Each pattern has its own chronology. Five models of the press in U.S. history are d
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eveloped: rational liberty, partisanism, commercialism, industry, and institution. The author implicitly argues that media ideologies are rooted in media practices. The outline of media models is meant to illustrate the point that media are defined historically. Media are networks of relationships that can be constructed, reconstructed, and deconstructed in various ways with varying implications for where power is located and how it is exercised. Violent activity is often involved in the process of definition. Maintaining that violence has been an integral part of the culture of public expression in this Nation since earliest times, this survey develops the concept that violent reactions to writers and publishers, rather than occurring sporadically, have been systematic and recurrent, indicative of a long and consistent process of cultural evolution. Disputing claims that anti-press violence is a marginal aspect of American society conducted by fringe elements of the population, the book profiles decades of such incidents of aggression, from colonial printers to Salman Rushdie. The author presents a detailed taxonomy of the various forms of anti-press violence and historical analyses of such conflicts during the American Revolution, Early Republic, Civil War, and other periods. Chapter notes, a subject index, and appended survey questionnaire and discussions of the flow of antiabolitionist violence and Civil War newspaper mobbings." (Abstract)
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