Safety of Journalists CFOM Sheffield

Covering the Tsunami disaster: Subsequent post-traumatic and depressive symptoms and associated social factors

Anke Weidmann, Lydia Fehm, Thomas Fydrich

Stress and Health, volume 24, issue 2 (2007), pp. 129-135

"Journalists frequently report on disasters. There is a growing evidence that they are subsequently at higher risk of post-traumatic and depressive symptoms. We conducted an internet-based study with 61 journalists who had covered the tsunami disaster in December 2004 from the affected region. The e ... more

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Occupational Stress and Job Satisfaction in Media Personnel Assigned to the Iraq War

Neil Greenberg, Dominic Murphy Samantha Thomas, Christopher Dandeker

Journalism Practice, volume 1, issue 3 (2007), pp. 356-371

"This paper investigates occupational stressors amongst media personnel assigned to work on covering the Iraq War via interviews with 54 journalists from the BBC and Reuters, who worked in Iraq between February and April 2003. A range of stressors were identified that could be categorized into three ... more

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Censorship in Contemporary Russian Journalism in the Age of the War Against Terrorism: A Historical Perspective

Greg Simons, Dmitry Strovsky

European Journal of Communication, volume 21, issue 2 (2006), pp. 189-211

"The Russian mass media system has experienced tremendous change since the Soviet era. It has been argued that some similarities still exist between the old Soviet system and the new post-Soviet media, such as the practice of self-censorship. Pressure has been mounting on the mass media's level of e ... more

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Journalists under Fire: The Psychological Hazards of Covering War

Anthony Feinstein

Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press (2006), xiv, 195 pp.

"As journalists in Iraq and other hot spots around the world continue to face harrowing dangers and personal threats, neuropsychiatrist Anthony Feinstein offers a timely and important exploration into the psychological damage of those who, armed only with pen, tape recorder, or camera, bear witness ... more

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Killing the Messenger: Journalists at Risk in Modern Warfare

N. Herbert Foerstel

Praeger (2006), xv, 161 pp.

"Killing the Messenger reveals the dangerous new face of war and journalism. Covering armed conflicts has always been dangerous business, but in the past, press heroes like Ernie Pyle and Edward R. Murrow faced only the danger of random bullets or bombs. Today’s war correspondent is actually in th ... more

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Newspaper editorial discourse and the politics of self-censorship in Hong Kong

L. F. Francis Lee, M. Y. Angel Lin

Discourse & Society, volume 17, issue 3 (2006), pp. 331-358

"In transitional societies where political pressure on the press is coupled with a commercial media system and a professional journalistic culture, the politics of self-censorship is likely to involve a strategic contest between the media and political actors. Language plays a significant role in th ... more

Dangerous assignment

Sherry Ricchiardi

American Journalism Review, volume 27, issue 6 (2005), pp. 44-51

"Iraq has proven to be a particularly hazardous posting for journalists. More media workers have been killed there than during the two-decades-long war in Vietnam. And 15 have died at the hands of American forces." (Introduction)

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The Protection of Journalists in Armed Conflicts

Claudio Zanghi

In: The New Challenges of Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts

Pablo Antonio Fernández Sánchez (ed.)

Brill (2005), pp. 145-162

"The problem of the protection of journalists is closely linked to that of freedom of information and was first considered as early as 1893/94. In 1927 a conference of press experts held in Geneva adopted various resolutions for their submission to member states. These resolutions addressed a range ... more

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The Role of Women Journalists in Conflict Reporting in Sri Lanka

Frances Bulathsinghala

Media Asia, volume 32, issue 1 (2005), pp. 31-33

"There is a huge disparity seen in the representation of men and women in the coverage of the twenty-year-old civil war in Sri Lanka. Most of the media coverage had been facilitated by the military during the period of the conflict. These, however, were not regular and only afforded a one-sided view ... more

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Embedded journalists in the Iraq war: Are they at greater psychological risk?

Anthony Feinstein, Dawn Nicolson

Journal of Traumatic Stress, volume 18, issue 2 (2005), pp. 129-132

"The current war in Iraq saw an alliance between the media and the military, a process called embedded journalism. The aim of this study was to explore whether this process affected the journalists' vulnerability to psychological distress. Eighty-five of 100 journalists approached agreed to particip ... more

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The protection of journalists and news media personnel in armed conflict

Alexandre Balguy-Gallois

International Review of the Red Cross, volume 86, issue 853 (2004), pp. 37-67

"The recent war in Iraq is a perfect illustration of the growing risks faced by journalists working in conflict zones. It is therefore important to call renewed attention to the fact that attacks against journalists and media equipment are illegal under international humanitarian law, which protects ... more

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Media at War: The Iraq Crisis

Howard Tumber, Jerry Palmer

London: Sage (2004), 188 pp.

"International media coverage of the war in Iraq provoked public scrutiny as well debate amongst journalists themselves. Media at War offers a critical overview of the coverage in the context of other preceding wars, including the first Gulf War, and opens up the debate on the key questions that eme ... more

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Reporting under fire: The physical safety and emotional welfare of journalists

Howard Tumber

In: Journalism After September 11

Barbie Zelizer; Stuart Allan (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2002), 16 pp.

"The September 11 attack on the twin towers and the subsequent anthrax incidents have created a growing debate and subsequent concern with what is now termed urban war corresponding. A realization is emerging that those correspondents who covered September 11 (who may not be war correspondents) may ... more

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Photography, Journalism and Trauma

Barbie Zelizer

In: Journalism After September 11

Barbie Zelizer; Stuart Allan (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2002), 21 pp.

"Not long after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, a memo from the American Press Institute went out to US news editors and reporters, advising them on the “correct” way to utilize photographs in crisis reporting. In part the directive said, “our backs are to ... more

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Antipress Violence and the Crisis of the State

Silvio Waisbord

International Journal of Press/Politics, volume 7, issue 3 (2002), pp. 90-109

"Although it is an issue of immediate interest to reporters and press organizations, antipress violence has not elicited a great deal of scholarly attention. While in the context of developed democracies, studies have concluded that violence against the press has significantly diminished in the twen ... more

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Remaking the pen mightier than the sword: An evaluation of the growing need for the international protection of journalists

Dylan Howard

Georgia Journal of International & Comparative Law, volume 30 (2002), pp. 505-542

"It is the goal of this note to explore this problem with a particular emphasis on potential methods by which the international community can work to protect the press. In order to better understand this problem as it exists today, this note begins with a historical analysis of the development of in ... more

Preparing for Battle: American news organizations lag behind some of their European counterparts when it comes to providing survival training and drafting safety guidelines for war correspondents. A group of journalists is pushing to narrow the gap

Sherry Ricchiardi

American Journalism Review, volume 24, issue 6 (2002), pp. 39-43

"The notion of survival skills and safety guidelines has been slow to catch on with top media managers in the United States. In Europe, the BBC, ITN and Reuters mandate training for foreign correspondents. It has taken an era of international terrorism to spark a stronger push on the home front." (A ... more