Safety of Journalists CFOM Sheffield

The Centre for Freedom of the Media (CFOM) at the University of Sheffield (UK) is an interdisciplinary research centre with global outreach on issues of media freedom, journalism safety, editorial standards and impunity. During the 2022 Academic Consultation on the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity, CFOM conducted a literature stocktake to scope out academic literature published in the area of media freedom, journalism safety and impunity. CFOM collated this information and produced a literature database organised by themes or countries for accessibility. The collection is especially strong on country- and region-specific safety issues and on surveys of emotional wellbeing of journalists. This special collection is curated by gemma.horton@sheffield.ac.uk.

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Is There a Global Norm for the Protection of Journalists’ Sources?

Richard Danbury

In: Regardless of Frontiers: Global Freedom of Expression in a Troubled World

Agnès Callamard, Lee Bollinger (eds.)

New York: Colombia University Press (2021), pp. 116-142

"People frequently provide journalists with information to report to the public. Some don't want their identity revealed. This chapter is about the rules that protect journalists from being compelled to reveal the identities of such people. It examines wether there is a global norm that journalists' ... more

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The Press-safety Paradox of Democracies: Regime-type Duration and Journalist Killings

Jonathan A. Solis

Foreign Policy Analysis, volume 17, issue 1, oraa007 (2021), [no pag.]

"Previous research finds that journalist killings are more likely to occur in democracies rather than non-democracies. While these results provide an important first step in exploring regime type's effect on journalist's safety, they assume no variation in how long countries have remained a regime t ... more

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Understanding Journalist Killings

Sabine C. Carey, Anita R. Gohdes

Journal of Politics, volume 83, issue 4 (2021), pp. 1216–1228

"Why do state authorities murder journalists? We show that the majority of journalists are killed in democracies and present an argument that focuses on institutional differences between democratic states. In democracies, journalists will most likely be targeted by local state authorities that have ... more

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The murder of Regina Martínez Pérez: An opportunity for justice

Jos Midas Bartman

Free Press Unlimited; Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ); Reporters Without Borders (2021), 33 pp.

"Regina Martínez Pérez was a prolific journalist from the state of Veracruz in Mexico, one of the most dangerous countries for journalists. Since 2006, Veracruz has seen a particularly high rate of journalist murders, and on 28 April 2012, Regina Martínez Pérez was brutally murdered in her home ... more

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No Excuse for Abuse: What Social Media Companies Can Do Now to Combat Online Harassment and Empower Users

PEN America (2021), 7 pp.

"To ensure that social media becomes safer, more open, and more equitable for all users, platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram must prioritize curbing online harassment. In this report, PEN America proposes concrete, actionable changes that social media companies should make immediately to ... more

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Media Control and Post-Truth Communication

Eileen Culloty, Jane Suiter

In: Routledge Handbook of Illiberalism

András Sajó, Renáta Uitz, Stephen Holmes (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2021), 19 pp.

"The erosion of media freedom is a growing phenomenon. Worldwide, journalists face obstruction, hostility, and violence as powerful political and private actors exercise a repressive influence on the media system. Citing historical and contemporary cases from different geographic regions, this chapt ... more

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Burning out and turning off: Journalists’ disconnection strategies on social media

Diana Bossio, Avery E. Holton

Journalism, volume 22, issue 10 (2021), pp. 2475-2492

"This study explores forms of social media fatigue described by professional journalists, including frustration with the perception of their increased affective labor, dissatisfaction with communication environments on particular social media platforms, and increased anxiety about the possible impac ... more

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Voices of Resilience: Colombian Journalists and Self-Censorship in the Post-Conflict Period

Marta Milena Barrios, Toby Miller

Journalism Practice, volume 15, issue 10 (2021), pp. 1423-1440

"Colombian journalists experience abundant threats and acts of violence as well as corporate and governmental obstacles to publishing the truth. In response, many reporters engage in selfcensorship, eschewing stories to protect their livelihoods—and their very lives. Our in-depth interviews with s ... more

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The new frontline: Women journalists at the intersection of converging digital age threats

Julie Posetti

In: Insights on Peace and Conflict Reporting

Kristin Skare Orgeret (ed.)

London; New York: Routledge (2021), 18 pp.

"The chapter identifies the new threats posed by digital developments and how they affect women journalists in particular. There are three main converging safety threats confronting women journalists in the digital age: online harassment and abuse against women journalists; orchestrated disinformati ... more

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Safe. Strong. Viable. The Symbiosis Between Media Safety and Media Viability

Laura Moore, Petra Aldenrath, Nadine Jurrat (eds.)

Bonn: Deutsche Welle DW Akademie (2021), 41 pp.

"The interviews and the analyses by the experts show that: –– Quality content increases safety. The editors interviewed for this publication confirm that fair and balanced journalism, which clearly distinguishes between facts and opinion and treats the people at the center of the story with resp ... more

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The Monitored Watchdogs: Journalists’ Surveillance and its Repercussions for their Professional and Personal Lives in Pakistan

Sadia Jamil

Journalism Studies, volume 22, issue 7 (2021), pp. 878-895

"Journalists, across the world, are ever more at risk of surveillance from state and non-state antagonists. However, to work safely in a monitored environment is a substantial challenge for journalists. In such regimes, journalists and media organizations are often prone to attacks by the state auth ... more

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“She’s just another pretty face:” Sexual harassment of female photographers

Rachel Somerstein

Feminist Media Studies, volume 23, issue 2 (2021), pp. 541-556

"This article examines sexual and gendered harassment among professional female editorial photographers, whose experiences have largely been under-researched. It draws on semi-structured interviews conducted between 2017–2019 with 17 female professional editorial photographers, aged 23–82, who w ... more

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Online harassment of journalists as a consequence of populism, mis/disinformation, and impunity

Jeannine E. Relly

In: The Routledge Companion to Media Disinformation and Populism

Howard Tumber, Silvio Waisbord (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2021), pp. 178-187

"This chapter aims to examine additional factors associated with populism, disinformation and online harassment of journalists in an environment of impunity, though the relationship between digital communication and populism has been analysed since the late 1990s. It considers strategies that have b ... more

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Gender Mainstreaming in the Media: The Issue of Professional and Workplace Safety of Women Journalists in Nepal

Laxman Datt Pant

In: Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism

Sadia Jamil, Baris Çoban, Bora Ataman, Gifty Appiah-Adjei (eds.)

Hershey, PA: IGI Global (2021), pp. 194-210

"Media sector, in Nepal, has been vibrant and it is flourishing across all media outlets with about 1,000 newspapers, 600 radio stations, about five dozen television channels and more than 2,200 online news portals currently in operation across the country. Despite such an impressive figure, the rel ... more

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Patterns of violent attacks targeting journalists in Lagos, Nigeria

Ikem Godspower Ujene, Usman Ojedokun

Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, volume 13, issue 1 (2021), pp. 50-60

"Despite the fact that Nigeria's transition from military rule to democracy is over two decades, violence targeting journalists still remains a recurring issue. On this basis, this paper aims to examine patterns of violent attacks targeting journalists in Lagos, Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach: ... more

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La protection internationale des journalistes en mission professionnelle périlleuse: Enquête sur un défi impossible

Charlotte Meyer

Paris: L'Harmattan (2021), 17 pp.

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Public violence against journalists and media

Florence Le Cam, Fábio Henrique Pereira, Denis Ruellan

Sur le Journalisme, About Journalism, Sobre Jornalismo, volume 10, issue 1 (2021), pp. 14-17

"Violence against journalists is nothing new. It has been around in various iterations for decades: harsh criticism of the profession, media headquarters ransacked and destroyed, journalists considered bargaining chips or a means to apply pressure during periods of conflict, or during political, eco ... more

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Report on Media Freedom in Moldova

Freedom House; USAID (2021), 11 pp.

"The media sector in Moldova is diverse. Dogged investigative reporting plays a vital role in public life. However, the legal framework governing the sector is unstable and underdeveloped. In 2020, much of the country’s political class treated the independent press with hostility, viewing journali ... more

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Risks to journalists’ safety and the vulnerability of media freedom in the U.S.

Sadia Jamil, Glenn W. Muschert

In: Agenda for Social Justice 2020: Solutions for 2020

Glenn W. Muschert, Kristen M. Budd, Robert Perrucci (eds.)

Bristol: Bristol University Press (2020), pp. 135-142

"Media freedom is primarily the freedom of diverse forms of media and sources of communication. Traditionally, freedom of the press is conceptualized as the freedom to publish; however, the notion of media freedom is much broader as it encompasses the freedom both to publish and to broadcast, emphas ... izing the idea that media in information societies consist of more than print sources (e.g. newspapers and magazines) and incorporates electronic sources of communication as well, such as radio, television, and the Internet. Hence, freedom of the media is indispensable for democratic societies given that the media are an outlet for public discussion and opinion and basically operate to seek the truth, educate the public, and serve as a watchdog over government. Threats to journalists and attacks on media freedom undermine the proper functioning of the United States as a democratic society, as the ability of journalists to investigate and report on controversial topics becomes threatened by the government and pressure groups such as criminal gangs, terrorists, and corporate giants. In the U.S., as elsewhere, freedom of expression is a fundamental human right, and a precondition for many other democratic rights. According to the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution: Restrictions on freedom of expression can be direct (such as stringent laws) and in direct (such as censorship pressure from the government and military), and vary relative to social contexts. In democratic systems, media organizations and journalists have been the lifeline of freedom of expression and public accountability. The existence of free and pluralistic media is indispensable to democratic governance, and media freedom is vital to the practice of journalism. Media professionals and journalists need the freedom to perform their jobs without undue constraints. Journalists report on issues of public interest, including government policies, and have a key role to play in democracies by revealing truth and disseminating information indispensable to sustainable knowledge societies. Threats and violence against journalists and media professionals can stop the public from exercising their fundamental right to seek, receive, and impart information." (Abstract) more

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Security should be there by default: Investigating how journalists perceive and respond to risks from the Internet of Things

Anjuli R. K. Shere, Jason R. C. Nurse, Ivan Flechais

In: 2020 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops (EuroS&PW)

IEEE (2020), pp. 240-249

"Journalists have long been the targets of both physical and cyber-attacks from well-resourced adversaries. Internet of Things (IoT) devices are arguably a new avenue of threat towards journalists through both targeted and generalised cyber-physical exploitation. This study comprises three parts: Fi ... more