Safety of Journalists CFOM Sheffield

The Centre for Freedom of the Media (CFOM) at the University of Sheffield (UK) is an interdisciplinary research centre with global outreach on issues of media freedom, journalism safety, editorial standards and impunity. During the 2022 Academic Consultation on the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity, CFOM conducted a literature stocktake to scope out academic literature published in the area of media freedom, journalism safety and impunity. CFOM collated this information and produced a literature database organised by themes or countries for accessibility. The collection is especially strong on country- and region-specific safety issues and on surveys of emotional wellbeing of journalists. This special collection is curated by gemma.horton@sheffield.ac.uk.

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Getting from the global to the local: Norms and systems for protecting journalists in the times of the Sustainable Development Goals

Guy Berger

Conflict & Communication Online, volume 18, issue 1 (2019), 10 pp.

"In the wake of progress in underlining international norms for protection of journalists, UNESCO in 2017 initiated a global consultation on how to strengthen implementation of the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity. The results of this consultation are relevant ... more

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An Investigation into State Suppression of Freedom of Expression in Lesotho

Ntsoareleng Koroloso, Tawanda Mukurunge, Takura Bhila

IJCIRAS, volume 2, issue 2 (2019), pp. 75-82

"The constitution of Lesotho gives assurance to freedom of expression which is supposed to protect the rights of journalists in the day to day dispensation of their duties. The situation on the ground however shows the exact opposite. Recent history can show assassination attempts on practicing jour ... more

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Socio-Psychological Effects on Media Professional Standards during Military Operations in Pakistan

Rooh ul Amin Khan, Zahid Yousaf

Global Social Sciences Review, volume 4, issue 2 (2019), pp. 269-275

"While using qualitative and quantitative techniques, this study analyzes the issues and challenges faced by the journalists while working in the areas going under military operations in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and FATA. Based on the hierarchy of influences model, a survey was conducted in Wazirista ... more

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Handbook of Research on Combating Threats to Media Freedom and Journalist Safety

Sadia Jamil (ed.)

Hershey, PA: IGI Global (2019), xxx, 408 pp.

"The Handbook of Research on Combating Threats to Media Freedom and Journalist Safety is an essential reference source that evaluates how diverse threats impact on journalists wellbeing, their right to freedom of expression, and overall media freedoms in various contexts and assesses inadequacies in ... more

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Journalism under pressure in conflict zones: A study of journalists and editors in seven countries

Marte Høiby, Rune Ottosen

Media, War & Conflict, volume 12, issue 1 (2019), pp. 69-86

"Through interviews with 100 journalists and editors in seven countries, the authors examine safety as the main challenge for journalists covering war and conflict in both local and international contexts. The article places a particular focus on the situation for Filipino and Norwegian journalists. ... more

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The staging trap: Right-wing politics as a challenge for journalism

Kai Hafez

Journalism, volume 20, issue 1 (2019), pp. 24-26

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Human Security as a Conceptual Framework: The Case of Palestinian Journalists

Carol B. Schwalbe, Jeannine E. Relly, Sally Ann Cruikshank, Ethan H. Schwalbe

Journalism Studies, volume 13 (2019), pp. 1920-1939

"This exploratory study introduces a human security framework to examine the challenges that journalists face from daily professional and societal constraints and pressures when attempting to fulfill their role to inform the public in areas of conflict. The research focuses on the influences on Pale ... more

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Emphasizing Journalistic Safety while Reporting in a Conflict Zone: A Case Study of Tribal Areas of Pakistan

Kashmir Khan, Bakht Zaman, Rahman Ullah

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, volume 27, issue 1 (2019), pp. 63-80

"This research paper is designed to examine the problems being faced by the journalists in two of the newly merged tribal districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Khyber District and Mohmand District). The researchers used survey method for data collection. A designed structured questionnaire from the respo ... more

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Fostering Trauma Literacy: From the Classroom to the Newsroom

Natalee Seely

Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, volume 75, issue 1 (2019), pp. 116-130

"Covering traumatic story assignments is often central to a journalist’s job. Violent crimes, natural disasters, and tragic personal struggles—these are newsworthy events. Studies have associated trauma coverage with higher rates of posttraumatic stress disorder, burnout, and other traumatic str ... more

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Journalists as Human Rights Defenders: International Protection of Journalists in Contexts of Violence and Impunity

Tamsin Mitchell

In: Reporting Human Rights, Conflicts, and Peacebuilding

Ibrahim Seaga Shaw; Senthan Selvarajah (eds.)

Springer (2019), pp. 221-242

"Many local journalists covering issues like corruption and organised crime can be considered human rights defenders (HRDs) exposed to high levels of violence and impunity. In this chapter, Mitchell examines what protection is available for such journalists via the dedicated international normative ... more

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A Badge of Honor? How the New York Times Discredits President Trump’s Fake News Accusations

Juliane A. Lischka

Journalism Studies, volume 20, issue 2 (2019), pp. 287-304

"News organizations in many Western democracies face decreasing trust amid fake news accusations. In this situation, news organizations risk losing their license to operate and need to defend their legitimacy. This study analyzes how The New York Times (NYT) discredits fake news accusations, which a ... more

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Impact of Work Environment on Professional Integrity: A Case Study of Journalists in Islamabad

Gohar Ali, Zubair Shafiq

Global Regional Review (GRR), volume 4, issue 4 (2019), pp. 229-237

"This study aims to explore the working environment of Pakistani journalists in Islamabad by analyzing their opinion on media freedom and professional autonomy. It also aims to highlight the limitations and difficulties faced by these journalists while performing their professional duties. To achiev ... more

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Killing Journalists is Not Media Regulation: Private Rights, Collective Wrongs and the Impact of Impunity

Carmen Draghici, Lorna Woods

Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, volume 29, issue 1 (2019), pp. 263-306

"This article maintains that current international law fails to recognize the specific risks associated with the journalistic profession, and that the fragmented, non-binding and unenforceable initiatives on journalists' rights adopted to date have proven ineffective. It argues that a dedicated inte ... more

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Journalists and mental health: The psychological toll of covering everyday trauma

Natalee Seely

Newspaper Research Journal, volume 40, issue 2 (2019), pp. 239-259

"Journalists are often first responders and eyewitnesses to violent news events. Trauma reporting can take its toll, resulting in mental health effects. Addressing the solution requires understanding the problem. This multimethod study used a national survey of journalists (N = 254) that shows that ... more

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State-Aligned Trolling in Iran and the Double-Edged Affordances of Instagram

Simin Kargar, Adrian Rauchfleisch

New Media & Society, volume 21, issue 7 (2019), pp. 1506-1527

"Online harassment is increasingly applied as a form of information control to curb free speech and exert power in online public spheres. In recent years, states have appeared to be particularly invested in weaponizing information against dissidents in an attempt at dominating social and political d ... more

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Freedom and the Media: A Downward Spiral

Sarah Repucci et al.

Freedom House (2019), 30 pp.

"According to Freedom House’s Freedom in the World data, media freedom has been deteriorating around the world over the past decade, with new forms of repression taking hold in open societies and authoritarian states alike. The trend is most acute in Europe, previously a bastion of well-establishe ... more

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EU Statement in response to the presentation of the OSCE Rapporteur’s Report under the Moscow Mechanism on alleged Human Rights Violations and Impunity in the Chechen Republic of the Russian Federation

European Union (2018), 3 pp.

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Why there is no culture of journalists’ safety

Peter Greste

Australian Journalism Review, volume 40, issue 2 (2018), pp. 9-13

"As I am writing this, the United Nations has counted 68 journalists killed in the line of duty around the world in 2018 (UNESCO, 2018a). That is nothing unusual. From 2012 to 2016, 530 journalists died on the job - an average of two per week. Very few of these are accidental deaths. Some are killed ... more

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Journalistic practices on the professional safety among journalists in Oyo State

E. Hajara, U Sanda, A Msughter

International Journal of Research and Scholarly Communication, volume 1, issue 4 (2018), pp. 43-59

"Journalists' safety as well as media workers has become a subject of discussion on press freedom and the working condition of reporters following dangerous development on the media scene which has become a preoccupation with journalism professional bodies. As such, in order to achieve the objective ... more

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Changing Forms and Platforms of Misogyny: Sexual Harassment of Women Journalists on Twitter

Richard Rego

Media Watch, volume 9, issue 3 (2018), pp. 472-485

"Across time, in a variety of forms and spaces -from homes and workplaces to digital domains of social media- women have become victims of male dominance. So also are the other vulnerable sections that suffer multi-layered abuse, and endure sexual harassment in social media. Yet, this phenomenon is ... more