Safety of Journalists CFOM Sheffield

The Centre for Freedom of the Media (CFOM) at the University of Sheffield (UK) is an interdisciplinary research centre with global outreach on issues of media freedom, journalism safety, editorial standards and impunity. During the 2022 Academic Consultation on the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity, CFOM conducted a literature stocktake to scope out academic literature published in the area of media freedom, journalism safety and impunity. CFOM collated this information and produced a literature database organised by themes or countries for accessibility. The collection is especially strong on country- and region-specific safety issues and on surveys of emotional wellbeing of journalists. This special collection is curated by gemma.horton@sheffield.ac.uk.

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Uganda: Press Freedom Attacked by State Bodies

Eva Namusoke

Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs, volume 107, issue 2 (2018), pp. 221-223

"On 16 October 2017, the editors of two popular Ugandan newspapers—the Daily Monitor and Red Pepper—were summoned to the Criminal Investigations Directorate in Kampala following the publication of stories revealing the allocation of a Ugandan Shillings 715 m (almost £150,000) budget for a plann ... more

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The Future of Investigative Journalism in an Era of Surveillance and Digital Privacy Erosion

Julie Posetti

In: Digital Investigative Journalism: Data, Visual Analytics and Innovative Methodologies in International Reporting

Oliver Hahn; Florian Stalph (eds.)

Cham: Palgrave Macmillan (2018), pp. 249-261

"While the digital era has delivered unprecedented opportunities for big-data based investigative journalism—from the Snowden Files to the Panama Papers—it has also thrown up a host of new threats to the sustainability of journalism based on confidential sources. These include: mass and targeted ... more

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Tackling gendered violence online: Evaluating digital safety strategies for women journalists

Fiona Martin

Australian Journalism Review, volume 40, issue 2 (2018), pp. 73-89

"While many reporters regularly experience online violence, women journalists are more likely than their male counterparts to be targeted for abusive comments and image focused, violently sexualised aggression. With such gendered violence having serious implications for media freedom, diversity and ... more

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Safety and Security of Journalists: Yet Awaiting Intervention from Indian Academy and Industry

C. S. H. N. Murthy

Asia Pacific Media Educator, volume 28, issue 1 (2018), pp. 131-149

"The article is an overview of the growing concerns about escalating violence against journalists in India and a matching lack of interest in Indian academy to understand the various implications of such violence both pedagogically and sociologically. The fact that about six journalists were killed ... more

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UNESCO's safety of journalists agenda: What impact?

Guy Berger

Australian Journalism Review, volume 40, issue 2 (2018), pp. 29-35

"Mention journalists' safety in a conversation, and the spontaneous mental image is often that of a war correspondent. However, in 2017 at least, 55 per cent of the killings of journalists registered by UNESCO were not in countries with significant armed conflict (UNESCO, 2018a). In addition, and as ... more

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Lingering doubts three years on: Safety dilemmas with the Al Jazeera case in Egypt

Andrea Baker

Australian Journalism Review, volume 40, issue 2 (2018), pp. 15-27

"The imprisonment of Al Jazeera English (AJE) journalists (Peter Greste, Mohamed Fahmy and Baher Mohamed) in Egypt between 2013 and 2015 highlighted the safety of journalists in conflict zones. Building on other studies (Baker, 2014; 2016), this is the third paper in a longitudinal study analysing t ... more

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Why do we have to search for a line here and there on safety for women journalists?

Nonee Walsh, Abeer Saady, Fiona Martin

Australian Journalism Review, volume 40, issue 2 (2018), pp. 67-71

"1,010 journalists have been killed in the last decade, according to UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres, with nine out of 10 cases remaining unresolved (Guterres, 2018). Imprisonments alone total more than three times the annual death toll, and the number of journalists in jail across the globe i ... more

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Local-Level Authoritarianism, Democratic Normative Aspirations, and Antipress Harassment: Predictors of Threats to Journalists in Mexico

Sallie Hughes, Mireya Marquez-Ramirez

International Journal of Press/Politics, volume 23, issue 4 (2018), pp. 539-560

"Cross-national research has identified crime, corruption, and human rights abuses as explanations for threats against journalists in democracies and authoritarian hybrids plagued by antipress violence. In-depth studies additionally suggest gender or occupational characteristics such as risky newsbe ... more

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The exposure to traumatic events and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder among Korean journalists

Mina Lee, Eun Hye Ha, Jung Kun Pae

Journalism, volume 19, issue 9-10 (2017), pp. 1308-1325

"This study investigated posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms on Korean journalists and the contributing variables. Predicting variables included the exposure to traumatic events, coping strategy, social support, optimism, negative beliefs, and the journalists’ occupational perspectives. ... more

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A Study on Indian Journalists and their Stressful Working Conditions

Trishu Sharma

International Journal of Research in Informative Science Application & Techniques, volume 1, issue 1 (2017), pp. 35-39

"Journalism is considered as fourth pillar of any democratic society and it is only a Journalist who can take many challenges to bring truth in front of society. But sometimes journalist has to face difficult and stressful conditions while working in field where they have serious threat for their li ... more

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Training journalists in times of transition: The case of Kosovo

Abit Hoxha, Keneth Andreesen

Journalism Education, volume 6, issue 2 (2017), pp. 37-47

"With Kosovo as its case, this article explores the context and challenges of journalism education in transition societies. Journalists in Kosovo have lived through constant changes from authoritarian to democracy. In this struggle, journalism education has never been stable and steady. The past con ... more

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Monitor, harass and discredit with Chinese characteristics: Foreign correspondents’ working condition in China

Yuan Zeng

Media Asia, volume 44, issue 1 (2017), pp. 48-54

"Yuan Zeng analyses the mixed uncodified strategies that Chinese authorities use to obstruct the work of foreign journalists." (Abstract)

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Attacks on the Record: The State of Global Press Freedom 2017-2018

Freedom House (2017), 7 pp.

"Press freedom is facing new threats in major democracies as well as in repressive states, where authorities are focusing their efforts on social media and other online platforms after subduing the independence of major print and broadcast outlets. The analysis below—drawn from the findings of Fre ... more

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Pluralism Under Attack: The Assault on Press Freedom in Poland

Annabelle Chapman

Washington, DC: Freedom House (2017), 20 pp.

"Poland has become a crucial battleground in the drive by authoritarian-minded leaders to gain control over political discourse and limit media pluralism. The Law and Justice government has sought to control the media as part of a broader push to weaken checks and balances and silence independent vo ... more

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Safety concerns in the Nigerian media: What gender dynamics?

Lilian Ngusuur Unaegbu

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression

Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)

Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 171-184

"This chapter focuses on gender dynamics in media safety in Nigeria. It critically examines the safety challenges journalists in Nigeria face in executing their duties in a country that has experienced different forms of conflicts, ranging from political instability, organized crime, terrorism, and ... more

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Journalists and Political Sources in Nigeria: Between Information Subsidies and Political Pressures

Rodney Ciboh

International Journal of Press/Politics, volume 22, issue 2 (2017), pp. 185-201

"The relationship between journalists and political sources has been characterized by a tug of war between reporters and officials where top politicians have the upper hand in the coproduction of news through their ability to provide critical information subsidies that most news media rely on. The d ... more

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Shooting the messengers

Steven M. Ellis

British Journalism Review, volume 28, issue 1 (2017), pp. 57-62

"More and more countries are deciding the answer to a bad press is to imprison journalists who dare to report anything that is critical." (Abstract)

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Assaults against Journalists: We see the tip of the iceberg

Katharine Sarikakis

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression

Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)

Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 119-128

"The summarised reports in this chapter show that the scope of safety and sacrifice is far greater than each actor alone or their sum can account for. Although the discussion did not offer an investigation into the USA and other mature democracies, it is clear from the survey in the European territo ... more

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Freedom under Pressure: Threats to journalists’ safety in Pakistan

Sadia Jamil

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression

Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)

Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 323-328

"This study aims to explore the level of journalists’ safety and investigates different types of threats that affect their work (actions) within the context (environment) of Pakistan. Drawing on the new institutionalism theory, this study posits that Pakistani journalists work in an unsafe institu ... more

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Journalists as Victims and Perpetrators of Violence

Matt Carlson

In: News of Baltimore: Race, Rage and the City

Linda Steiner; Silvio Waisbord (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2017), 17 pp.

"This chapter explores the complicated ways in which journalists became subjects within the stories of Ferguson and Baltimore through a particular focus on the discursive identification of journalists as either victims or perpetrators of violence. It focuses on two evaluative frameworks: journalists ... more