The Afghanistan special collection is developed by the "Afghanistan Media System and Public Spheres" Project at Leipzig University, Germany.  Six exiled academics from Afghanistan are researching the Afghan media landscape from 2001 to the present day, in order to shed light on current developments in their home country from a communication science perspective. 
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Topics
Taliban
24
Safety of Journalists, Safety Risks of Media Workers
20
Media Landscapes, Media Systems, Media Situation in General
19
Media Freedom, Press Freedom
18
Media Assistance
18
Media Assistance in Conflict Regions & Fragile Countries
14
Media Use, Media Consumption
13
Conflict Areas: Media Systems, Media Landscapes, Role of Media
13
Female Journalists & Media Workers
12
Press Freedom & Communication Rights Violations
10
Foreign Conflict Reporting, International War Reporting
10
Journalism Education & Training
8
Working Conditions of Journalists & Media Personnel
8
Photojournalism
7
Violence Against Journalists & Media Personnel
6
Conflict-Sensitive & Peace Journalism
6
Extremist & Terrorist Digital / Social Media Presence
6
Democracy / Democratization and Media
6
Authoritarian Regimes: Media Systems & Landscapes
5
Community Radios
5
War Reporting
5
Media Assistance Projects & Programs: Case Studies
5
Journalists Dealing with Risks & Threats, Resilience & Wellbeing of Media Workers
5
Media Assistance: Radio
5
Media Use: Women, Female Media Audiences
4
Exile Journalism, Exile Media
4
Journalists: Professional Identity & Values
4
Media Assistance: Country Strategies & Experiences
4
Media Law & Regulation
4
Political Transition and Media
4
Islamist Communications & Media
4
Digital & Social Media Use: Youth
3
Radio Consumption, Radio Use, Radio Audiences
3
Censorship
3
Killings of Journalists & Media Personnel
3
Self-Censorship
3
Government Communication Strategies
3
Public Diplomacy, Cultural Diplomacy
3
Conflict Reporting, Armed Conflict Reporting
3
Extremist & Terrorist Communication Strategies and Media
3
Information Warfare, Psychological Warfare
3
Democracy Assistance
3
Development Communication Projects: Case Studies
3
Facebook
3
Disinformation, Misinformation, Fake News
3
Health Campaigns: Experiences
3
Foreign Countries: Reporting & Media Representation
3
News Agencies
3
Media Assistance: Transition Countries & Defective Democracies
3
USA: Media Assistance
3
Press Landscapes
3
BBC
3
Radio Television Afghanistan (RTA)
3
Migration & Refugees Reporting & (Social) Media Representation
3
Politics
3
Media Capture, Vested Political & Other Interests in the Media
3
National Identity & Media, Nationalism & Communication
3
Radio Dramas, Radio Soap Operas, Radio Fiction
3
Society
3
Access to Media & Information
2
Area & Regional Studies
2
Digital & Social Media Use, Internet Use
2
News Consumption & Information Sources of Media Users
2
Television Consumption, Televison Use, Television Audiences
2
Trust in the Media, Credibility of Media
2
Authoritarian Regimes: Government Communication Strategies
2
Freedom of Expression
2
Media / Communication Control
2
Harassment & Intimidation of Journalists
2
Storytelling
2
Media Law & Regulation in Conflict Areas
2
Development Assistance
2
United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
2
Edutainment Television Programmes
2
Social Media in Political Communication
2
Twitter & Microblogs
2
Mobile Phone Markets
2
Media Viability & Financial Sustainability
2
Self-Regulation of Media
2
Women's Radio Programmes
2
Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence
2
COVID-19 Communication
2
History of Media & Communication
2
Foreign Correspondents
2
Foreign News, International News
2
Influence of Media on Foreign & International Policies
2
UNESCO & IPDC Media Assistance
2
Journalism
2
Journalism Education Curricula
2
Safety of Journalists: Law & Public Policies
2
Election Reporting
2
Local Communication & Media
2
Local Radios, Local Radio Programmes
2
Media Assistance: Donor Organizations
2
Media Assistance: Interaction with Foreign Policies
2
Media Assistance: Public Service Broadcasting
2
Media Assistance: Television
2
Media & Communication Policies
2
Radio Landscapes
2
Television Landscapes
2
Transition Countries: Media Systems & Media Landscapes
2
Conflict & War Photography
2
Fragile / Post-Conflict States
2
Propaganda
2
Public Media, State Media
2
Ethnocentrism
2
Telecommunication Industries & Markets
2
Television
2
Tolo TV (Television Channel, Afghanistan)
2
Access to Internet & Digital Communications
1
Access to Public Information, Freedom of Information, Right to Information
1
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Media
1
Gender Advocacy & Empowerment, Gender Mainstreaming
1
Audience Research
1
Audience Research in Media Assistance
1
Audience Research: Concepts & Experiences
1
Internet & Social Media Use: Women
1
Information Needs & Media Use: Refugees & Displaced People
1
Media Use: Migrants & Diasporas
1
Media Use: Rural Populations
1
Radio Use: Youth
1
Independent & Oppositional Media in Authoritarian Regimes
1
Media Assistance: Authoritarian Countries
1
Cinema
1
Crime Films
1
Documentaries, Television Documentaries, Web Documentaries
1
War & Political Violence in Cinema
1
Intellectual Property
1
Media Assistance: Freedom of Expression & Safety of Journalists
1
Military: Communication Strategies & Practices
1
Community Radio Associations & Networks
1
Community Radio Contents & Programming
1
Community Radio Management
1
Community Radio Setting-Up
1
Community Radio Sustainability & Financing
1
Media Assistance: Community Radios
1
Telecentres, Community Telecentres, Internet Cafés
1
Traditional Communication
1
Traditional Music
1
Wars
1
Conflicts and Media
1
Conflict Prevention, Mediation & Reconciliation: Role of Media
1
Conflict-Sensitive Digital Technology Use & Social Media in Prevention & Transformation
1
Dealing With the Past
1
Extremism & Terrorism Reporting
1
Hate Speech, Hate Speech in Social Media
1
War Propaganda, Propaganda in Conflicts
1
Contents of Media
1
Media Criticism
1
Theatre for Development
1
Culture (General)
1
Culture and Development
1
Literature
1
Development Organizations
1
USAID - Office of Transition Initiatives (OTI)
1
Nonprofit Organizations, NGOs
1
Development Projects
1
Development Communication, Communication for Development (C4D)
1
Behaviour Change Communication
1
Communication for Social Change
1
Development and Media
1
Development Aid Reporting
1
Entertainment Education, Edutainment
1
Edutainment Health Programmes
1
Edutainment Radio Programmes
1
Social Change & Media / Communication
1
Digital Platforms & Intermediaries
1
Digital Financial Services, Mobile Banking, Mobile Payphone Business
1
Digital Journalism, Online Journalism
1
Internet Markets
1
Content Moderation & Regulation: Social Media
1
ICT Development Assistance
1
Minorities
1
Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Communication
1
Countering Hate Speech, Disinformation & Propaganda
1
Media Markets
1
Economy
1
Domestic Workers
1
Education and Communication / Media
1
Educational Radio Programmes
1
Educational Communication
1
Television Dramas
1
Ethics in Media & Communication
1
Forced Marriage
1
Gender Representation & Stereotypes in the Media
1
Media Assistance: Gender Focus
1
Food / Nutrition Communication & Media Representation
1
Health Radio Programmes
1
Polio Communication
1
Vaccination Campaigns & Vaccine Hesitancy
1
WASH Communication (Water, Sanitation, Hygiene)
1
History (General)
1
History of Radio
1
History of the Press
1
Indigenous Communication
1
Indigenous Radio Broadcasting
1
Adaptation of Media Products to Other Countries / Cultural Contexts
1
Image Abroad
1
Transnational Journalism Cooperation & News Exchange
1
USA: International Broadcasting & Public Diplomacy
1
Foreign Policies
1
International Organizations
1
Investigative Journalism
1
Journalistic Skills
1
Journalistic Style & Language
1
Journalists
1
Exiled Journalists
1
Radio News
1
Associated Press (AP)
1
Business & Economics Journalism
1
Court Reporting & Media Representation of Judicial System
1
Asian Languages
1
Media Assistance: Criticism, Ideological Backgrounds, Vested Interests
1
Media Assistance: Exile Media
1
Media Assistance: Governance, Accountability, Combating Corruption
1
Media Assistance: Implementing Organizations
1
BBC Media Action
1
Media Assistance: Interaction with Military Communication Strategies
1
Diffusion of Innovations
1
Information Ecosystems
1
Post-Socialist Media Systems & Landscapes
1
Human Rights
1
Human Rights Violations
1
Failures, Mistakes, Shortcomings: Experiences & Learnings
1
Newspaper Management
1
Starting Media Outlets, Creation of Digital Businesses
1
Media Outlets, Media Associations
1
Digital Media Use: Migrants & Diasporas
1
Refugees / Displaced People
1
Radio Music
1
Documentary Photography
1
Military
1
Polarization, Political Polarization
1
Communism, Marxism
1
Political Transition
1
Statebuilding
1
Politics and Media
1
Framing
1
Governance & Accountability: Role of Media / Communication
1
Influence of Media on Politics
1
Political Communication
1
Political Television Programmes & Political Talkshows
1
Public Opinion
1
Press
1
Public Service Broadcasting
1
Public & State Radios
1
Radio
1
Youth Radio Programmes, Youth Radio Stations, School Radios
1
Radio Stations
1
Commercial Radios
1
Digital Wellbeing, Digital Resilience, Digital Mental Health
1
Emotions in the Media, Emotional Functions & Messages of Media
1
Religion and Communication
1
Islamism
1
Jihad
1
Muslim Press
1
Violence
1
Mobile Phone Use for Social Purposes, Mobiles for Development
1
Telecommunication Companies, Mobile Phone & Fixed Line Operators
1
Telecommunication Infrastructure
1
Telecommunication Law, Regulation & Policies
1
Regional Television
1
Ma'an (Television Network, Palestine)
1
Television Networks
1
Urban Issues: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Youth, Adolescents
1
Youth Cultures, Youth Milieus, Youth Identities
1
Language
Document type
Countries / Regions
Authors & Publishers
Media focus
Publication Years
Methods applied
Journals
Output Type
"During the last fourteen years, Afghan media has played a significant role in empowering women and they still do. Media has a crucial responsibility in promoting women’s participation in society. It has the power to spread messages and raise awareness for the challenges women face. Most important ... more
"This study draws from scholarship in framing theory and mediated collective memories for the analysis of the adoption of official narratives of US President Donald Trump’s Afghanistan policy as ready-made news frames by Afghanistan’s Tolo TV’s popular current affairs program as Tawde Khabare ... more
"Since 2013, BBC Media Action has been working closely with Unicef to support polio eradication. Through mass media programming – radio magazine shows and drama, and radio and TV public service announcements (PSAs) – it has sought to break down barriers to immunising against polio and other chil ... more

Curated Stories: The Uses and Misuses of Storytelling

New York: Oxford University Press (2017), xii, 212 pp.
"Fernandes considers the rise of storytelling alongside the broader shift to neoliberal, free-market economies. She argues that stories have been reconfigured to promote entrepreneurial self-making and restructured as easily digestible soundbites mobilized toward utilitarian ends. Fernandes roams th ... more
"This study assesses the role and impact of this local radio station network as well as its sustainability prospects, focusing on four pillars of sustainability in particular: Financial sustainability: at a minimum, radio stations need to be able to support their activities, and ideally enjoy some s ... more

Afghan Information Ecosystems: A Design Research Approach

Internews;Sayara Research (2017), 82 pp.
"Afghanistan has made great strides in establishing media and communications outlets. However, very little is known about the ways in which Afghans actually engage in information exchange. To inform work with the media and effectively enhance access to information in Afghanistan, Internews commissio ... more

Social Media in Afghanistan: Users and Engagement

Arcata, Calif.: Internews (2017), 74 pp.
"Access to and use of internet in Afghanistan has grown in the past decade to reach approximately 12% of the population. Social media penetration has followed the same course, challenging traditional media platforms and providing new platforms for public discourse. Social media carries the expectati ... more
"In 2012 the opportunity for ordinary Afghans to communicate with political authorities or hold them to account was extremely limited. To help address this BBC Media Action worked with state broadcaster Radio Television Afghanistan (RTA) and the BBC Afghan Service to co-produce the TV and radio nati ... more
"In this article, I seek to inform Peace Journalism (PJ) education and training in conflict-affected countries in particular. Based on a case study of the professional experiences of Afghan photojournalists, I offer insights into the acceptability and adoptability of PJ practice by journalists from ... more
"The main thing I really liked about this project is that UNHCR invested the resources for proper qualitative social media monitoring, as opposed to the purely quantitative analyses that we see so often and which rarely go beyond keyword counting. To complement the social media information, the team ... more
"Seit März 2007 organisieren lokale und internationale Aktivist*innen in verschiedenen Teilen Afghanistans beinah täglich Aktivitäten mit den unterschiedlichen Techniken des Theaters der Unterdrückten (TdU) des Brasilianers Augusto Boal (1931-2009) sowie anderen emanzipatorischen Theatermethoden ... more

A Country without Mercy: Afghan Journalists Caught in Crossfires

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Ulla Carlsson; Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)
Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 81-86
"In the last Afghan solar year (22 March 2015 – 21 March 2016), twelve journalists and media workers were killed, exceeding any previous year in recent history. In June 2016, the US photographer David Gilkey and his interpreter, journalist Zabihullah Tamanna, were killed in a Taliban attack in Maj ... more
"The research documents how, despite immense ongoing challenges, in Afghanistan, Iraq, Nepal and Pakistan, some important advances have been made to develop joint structures and innovative approaches to defend the practice of journalism. It examines the long road Colombia has followed in the establi ... more
"Why has the Taliban been so much more effective in presenting messages that resonate with the Afghan population than the United States, the Afghan Government and their allies? This book, based on years of field research and the assessment of hundreds of original source materials, examines the infor ... more
"In this article, I seek to inform Peace Journalism (PJ) education and training in conflict-affected countries in particular. Based on a case study of the professional experiences of Afghan photojournalists, I offer insights into the acceptability and adoptability of PJ practice by journalists from ... more
"This article examines the sociohistorical role of radio broadcasting in Afghanistan and analyses the interplay between the radio choices of the audience, political change and conflict. Though never explicitly trusted as a credible information source, the popularity of national radio in Afghanistan ... more

The Reporting Heroes: A Study on the Condition of Afghan Female Journalists

Afghan Journalists Safety Committee (AJSC) (2016), 13 pp.
"This report reflects the findings of a survey performed by Afghan Journalists Safety Committee on the status of female journalists and media workers in Afghanistan. The purpose of the report is to identify the extensive challenges female journalists and media workers face and develop specific measu ... more

The Other Air Force: U.S. Efforts to Reshape Middle Eastern Media Since 9/11

New Brunswick, New Jersey, London: Rutgers University Press (2016), ix, 216 pp.
"As it seeks to win the hearts and minds of citizens in the Muslim world, the United States has poured millions of dollars into local television and radio programming, hoping to generate pro-American currents on Middle Eastern airwaves. However, as this fascinating new book shows, the Middle Eastern ... more
"This qualitative study of influences on a purposive sample of Afghan journalists was carried out in the year after the US military mission was declared over. After more than a hundred million dollars of Western government funding had been invested in development of liberal democratic journalism, th ... more

The Cost of Business: Gender Dynamics of Media Labor in Afghanistan

In: Precarious Creativity: Global Media, Local Labor
Michael Curtin; Kevin Sanson (eds.)
University of California Press (2016), pp. 104-117
"In this chapter I have strived to move beyond the simple neoliberal critique, attempting to consider more closely the specific, concrete impact of American policies on the work of female Afghan media workers. It would be foolish and dishonest to deny that the American-imposed system of media that c ... more