Afghanistan IKM Leipzig

The Afghanistan special collection is developed by the "Afghanistan Media System and Public Spheres" Project at Leipzig University, Germany. Six exiled academics from Afghanistan are researching the Afghan media landscape from 2001 to the present day, in order to shed light on current developments in their home country from a communication science perspective.

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Kabul, Teheran 1979ff: Filmlandschaften, Städte unter Stress und Migration

Sandra Schäfer, Jochen Becker, Madeleine Bernstorff

Berlin: b_books (2006), 395 pp.

"1979: Im Iran wird der Schah gestürzt, die islamische Republik entsteht; parallel eskaliert mit dem sowjetischen Einmarsch der Bürgerkrieg in Afghanistan. Bilder über Afghanistan waren seither zumeist Bilder der Zerstörung. Diesen Außenansichten setzt ›Kabul/ Teheran 1979 ff‹ Perspektiven ... more

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Newspapers and periodicals from Afghanistan: A snapshot from May 2006

Andreas Drechsler, Mohammed Faried Parvanta, Eckart Schiewek

Bamberg: University Library of Bamberg (2006), 68 pp.

"At a stay in Afghanistan in May 2006 my father-in-law Mohammed Faried Parvanta in a laborious effort acquired Persian lists of newspapers, magazines and radio and television stations from the Ministry of Information and Youth. These lists give an excellent quantitative overview on the current lands ... more

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Promoting Independent Media: Strategies for Democracy Assistance
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Krishna Kumar

Boulder, Colo.; London: Rienner (2006), 189 pp.

"This book represents one step in explaining international efforts to promote independent media. It attempts to examine the nature and significance of media assistance, discussing the evolution of the field, the focus of various programming approaches, and the possible impact of such efforts. It pre ... sents case studies of media assistance programs in different countries. The book concludes with a set of recommendations for expanding and deepening media assistance for the international community. This book project grew out of a multi-country study that I directed in 2002–2004 to examine media assistance programs funded by the US Agency for International Development. The overall purpose of the study was to assess the nature and effectiveness of USAID programs and make policy and programmatic recommendations for the future. In writing this book I have mostly drawn from the massive information collected during two years of research and analysis. The book is based primarily on three sources of information. First are reviews of literature covering scholarly writings, project and program documents, and articles in popular magazines and newspapers on media assistance. Such reviews were country specific as well as global in nature. Because the academic literature is extremely limited and media assistance is hardly covered in magazines and newspapers except in high-profile cases such as Bosnia and Serbia, reviews largely relied on program documentation. I had the unique advantage of perusing thousands of documents that are not available to the public. Although mostly descriptive and often self-serving, they identified critical gaps in our knowledge and illuminated the challenges and achievements of international media endeavors. Second, my colleagues and I undertook extensive fieldwork in seven countries/regions—Afghanistan, Bosnia, Central America, Indonesia, Russia, Serbia, and Sierra Leone. In each of these cases, research teams conducted extensive discussions with international donor agencies, officials of host countries, project staff and contractors, and local media experts and journalists. Every possible effort was made to interview all those experts and managers who had intimate knowledge of the ongoing media assistance programs. Teams also examined locally available documents and reports and used translators to translate documents into English when necessary. In the absence of hard quantitative data, they largely relied on available documentation, indepth interviews, and their own knowledge of the media scene for their findings and conclusions. Finally, I organized a series of meetings in Washington, D.C., to discuss the findings of the country studies and explore new directions for media assistance programs. Such meetings helped to identify many problems and challenges facing media assistance programs and helped in formulating a set of recommendation for policymakers." (Chapter 1, page 10-11) more

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Building a Community Radio Network in Afghanistan

Krishna Kumar

In: Promoting Democracy in Postconflict Societies

Jeroen de Zeeuw; Krishna Kumar (eds.)

Boulder, Colo.; London: Rienner (2006), pp. 257-272

"The experience of establishing community stations in Afghanistan provides four distinct, but interrelated lessons [...] The project has demonstrated that international organizations can promote community stations in impoverished, war-tron societies that have had no experience of independent or comm ... more

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Towards an Improved Strategy of Support to Public Service Broadcasting: Evaluation of UNESCO's Support to Public Service Broadcasting 2005-2006. Final Report

Mark J. Stiles, Cindy Weeks

Paris: UNESCO;Stiles Association (2006), 50 pp.

"Progress on Public Service Broadcasting (PSB) is more likely to occur when there is collaboration with others; where there are strategic opportunities; when UNESCO uses project funds to reward progressive policy change; where there are staff in the field who are committed to PSB; when there is foll ... more

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Mediating Transition in Afghanistan, 2001-2004

Lisa Anne Hartenberger

Austin: University of Texas at Austin, Doctoral Thesis (2005), x, 294 pp.

"This dissertation examines international aid in support of Afghan media from fall 2001 to fall 2004 as a case study to interrogate the notion of “media transition” and its underlying assumptions. It examines how development organizations such as the United Nations, bilateral aid agencies such a ... more

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USAID's Assistance to the Media Sector in Afghanistan

Colin Soloway, Abubaker Saddigue

Washington, DC: USAID (2005), xii, 31 pp.

"[...] It is too early to assess the full impact of media development efforts undertaken since February 2002, given the short timeframe and the absence of reliable audience surveys. Nevertheless, OTI and Internews deserve credit for adopting an innovative, cost-effective approach to media assistance ... more

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USAID/OTI Afghanistan Program: Final Evaluation

Social Impact Inc.

Washington, DC: USAID (2005), 91 pp.

"The purpose of the final evaluation was to provide the Office of Transition Initiatives (OTI) and the U.S. Agency for International Development with an assessment of the relevance, effectiveness, and lessons learned from OTI’s mega-program in Afghanistan. Since evaluations of the media program ha ... more

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What Afghan Youth Want from Radio. Straight Talk: A Weekly Radio Programme for Afghan Youth. Formative Qualitative Research

Juliette von Seibold

Kabul: Media Support Partnership (2005), 45 pp.

"[...] Radio listening amongst young people appears to be high and most of those interviewed listen daily, usually after lunch and in the evening. The BBC and VOA are popular stations with young people as are local radio stations including Radio Azadi, Aman and Sharq. However, in cities radio compet ... more

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The Norwegian Media Image of the War in Afghanistan: Peacekeeping or Aggression?

Rune Ottosen

Nordicom Review, volume 26, issue 1 (2005), pp. 95-109

"This article analyzes the framing of Norwegian media coverage of the war against terror in Afghanistan with special emphasis of the coverage of the Norwegian military presence in Afghanistan. Two main issues are discussed: 1. How was the start of the war covered in the media in October 2001? 2. In ... more

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"All Successful Democracies Need Freedom of Speech": American Efforts to Create a Vibrant Free Press in Iraq and Afghanistan

David Rohde

[Cambridge, Mass.]: Joan Shorenstein Center, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (2005), 35 pp.

"This paper will examine American efforts to create a vibrant free press in Iraq and Afghanistan. A $200 million project in Iraq was the largest attempt ever by the United States, or any country, to help create independent media in another nation. Run by the Pentagon, it was a near total failure in ... more

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Afghanistan

Edward Girardet, Jonathan Walter

Charles Norchi; Mirwais Masood (co-editors)

Geneva: Crosslines Publication, 2nd fully revised ed. (2004), 544 pp.

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Audience Perceptions of Radio Programming in Afghanistan: An Evaluation of Listeners' Opinions

Shireen Sultan, Hayatullah Niaz, Shafiqullah Ziai

London: BBC World Service Trust (2004), 29 pp.

"This report, Audience Perceptions of Radio Programming in Afghanistan, is the result of qualitative research conducted to assess audience perceptions of 3 key radio stations in the cities of Kabul and Herat in June 2004. The stations are: Radio Afghanistan (the state broadcaster) Arman FM (Afghanis ... more

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Media Assistance Post the Taliban Regime and the Implications for Transforming the Afghan Social System

Noah W. Miller

London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), Master Thesis (2003), iii, 45 pp.

"In the case of media assistance in Afghanistan, financial and organizational resources originate almost exclusively from Western donors and INGOs, which largely bypass the Afghan Government. Organizations within the funding chain thus hold a functional form of power arising from the deployment of a ... llocative resources and it enables them to attempt an instigation of social change in Afghanistan. According to the notion of power associated with Talcott Parson, a functional form of power requires coordination and collaboration in order to achieve collective goals within a political process. However, conflicts may arise in Afghanistan if collective goals diverge among the various foreign and domestic participants involved in altering the media space. This could occur if the various participants do not envision the outcome of media assistance objectives as a zero-sum game. Additionally, Giddens asserts that Parson underestimates the contestation of the norms necessary to pursue collective goals in the first place. Even though the Afghan Government and international donors purportedly agree on the installation of a democracy with a free and independent media, they still need to overcome resistance from existing power holders or entrenched structural properties impeding such a development. In the context of Afghanistan, it is very conceivable that media assistance could prompt intentional or even unintentional consequences caused by social actors discontent with the normative values and goals promulgated by media assistance. Such unintentional conditions may render the desired outcomes of media assistance providers impossible and undermine the desired social transformation. It is erroneous, though, to apply a positivist view that judges the success or failure of media assistance according to the outcome of the flux between structure and interaction alluded to in chapter four. In fact, such a view would be contrary to the propositions of structuration theory that imply a lack of definable boundaries in which structure and interaction intermingles. Equally wrong is to evaluate the media assistance effort by funding amounts contributed by donors, even though financial resources are a pre-requisite for rebuilding the media infrastructure. Instead, media assistance can be conceived as a form of empowerment that imbues a target society with a collective consciousness concerning its ability to alter structural properties, which represent forms of power and domination according to Giddens. The success of media assistance therefore is to produce a collective awareness that individuals can influence the structural properties of a social system, regardless of the direction of change emanating from the mediation of structure and action. The process of change requires not only the acquisition of functional power through allocative resources, but also the acquisition of transformative power by means of controlling authoritative resources, which are involved in the coordination of a social system. Afghans need to control the actors or institutions that selectively filter information in order to reflexively “regulate the overall conditions of system reproduction either to keep things as they are or to change them” (Giddens, 1984, page 27). Yet, it remains unresolved to what extent media assistance has provided Afghans with transformative power and whether or not it allows them to influence the underlying forces that mediate the structural properties in society." (Conclusions, page 39-40) more

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Afghanistan: Der Krieg und die Medien

Jörg Becker

Bern: Brot für alle (2003), 76 pp.

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The Media and the War on Terrorism

Stephen Hess, Marvin Kalb (eds.)

Oxford: Oxford University Press;Brookings Institution Press;Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics, and Public Policy at Harvard University (2003), xv, 307 pp.

"This collection of conversations between journalists and federal officials aims to capture the tensions between the press and the government during wartime. They cover issues including military censorship and the difficulties of maintaining security in an era of satellite technology." (Publisher de ... more

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The Potential for Community Radio in Afghanistan: Report of a Fact-Finding Mission to Afghanistan

Bruce Girard, Jo van der Spek

Comunica;Radio Reed Flute (2002), iii, 35 pp.

"This study, sponsored by the Communication Assistance Foundation, examines the potential for community-based radio in Afghanistan and identifies examples of how community radio can support initiatives for community development. The report and its recommendations are primarily intended as a resource ... more

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Reporting the Future: A Handbook for Afghan Journalists

Jamila Aman, Alan Davis, Andrew Stroehlein, John West (eds.)

London: Institute for War & Peace Reporting (IWPR) (2002), 57 pp.

"The Handbook for Afghan Journalists is designed to help Afghan journalists in three ways. First, it serves as an explanation in their own language to many of the ideas and concepts behind international journalism. Second, it provides practical guidance on many of the basic techniques of journalism. ... more

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Declaration on Promoting an Independent and Pluralistic Media in Afghanistan

London: Article 19;Global Campaign for Free Expression (2002), 22 pp.

"On 5 September 2002, an International Seminar bringing together representatives of the Afghan government, local civil society and the international community adopted a Declaration on Promoting an Independent and Pluralistic Media in Afghanistan (‘the Declaration’). This Declaration, together wi ... more

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Modern Mass Media and Traditional Communication in Afghanistan

Shir Mohammad Rawan

Political Communication, volume 19, issue 2 (2002), pp. 155-170

"This article explores the bipolar structure of communication in Afghanistan, where the latest technological advancements in media coexist with a complex system of traditional communication. After 22 years of civil war and the destruction of most modern media facilities, Afghanistan's traditional ch ... more

Promoting Independent Media: Strategies for Democracy Assistance Top Insights

Promoting Independent Media: Strategies for Democracy Assistance
Top Insights